Procatalyst for polymerization of olefins

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a procatalyst comprising the compound represented by formula A as an internal electron donor, wherein: R 81 , R 82 , R 83 , R 84 , R 85 , and R 86  are the same or different and are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen or a straight, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R 87  is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and each R 80  group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom. The present invention also relates to a process for preparing said polymerization procatalyst and to a polymerization catalyst system comprising said procatalyst, a cocatalyst and optionally an external electron donor. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a polyolefin obtainable by the process according to the present invention and to the use of the compound of formula A as in internal electron donor in catalysts for polymerization of olefins.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2015/062117, filed Jun. 1, 2015, which claims priority to European Application No. 15161408.8, filed Mar. 27, 2015, Provisional Application No. 62/163,744, filed May 19, 2015, European Application No. 14170831.3, filed Jun. 2, 2014 and Provisional Application No. 62/057,260, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

The invention relates to a procatalyst for polymerization of olefins. The invention also relates to a process for preparing said procatalyst and to the procatalyst obtain via said process. Furthermore, the invention is directed to a catalyst system for polymerization of olefins comprising the said procatalyst, a co-catalyst and optionally an external electron donor; a process of making polyolefins by contacting at least one olefin with said catalyst system and to polyolefins obtainable by said process. The invention also relates to the use of said procatalyst in the polymerization of olefins. Moreover, the present invention relates to polymers obtained by polymerization using said procatalyst and to the shaped articles of said polymers and to the use of said polymers. In addition, the present invention is related to a compound of Formula A described below.

Catalyst systems and their components that are suitable for preparing a polyolefin are generally known. One type of such catalysts is generally referred to as Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The term “Ziegler-Natta” is known in the art and it typically refers to catalyst systems comprising a transition metal-containing solid catalyst compound (also typically referred to as a procatalyst); an organometallic compound (also typically referred to as a co-catalyst) and optionally one or more electron donor compounds (e.g. external electron donors).

The transition metal-containing solid catalyst compound comprises a transition metal halide (e.g. titanium halide, chromium halide, hafnium halide, zirconium halide, vanadium halide) supported on a metal or metalloid compound (e.g. a magnesium compound or a silica compound). An overview of such catalyst types is for example given by T. Pullukat and R. Hoff in Catal. Rev.—Sci. Eng. 41, vol. 3 and 4, 389-438, 1999. The preparation of such a procatalyst is for example disclosed in WO96/32427 A1.

There is, an on-going need in industry for phthalate free catalyst for preparing polymers

From WO2014001257 of the present inventors is known the use of the following, phthalate free compound (I) as an internal electron donor,

Wherein R₈ is an aromatic group, to provide an amidobenzoate donor.

It is an object of the invention to provide a phthalate free procatalyst for polymerization of olefins. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a procatalyst which shows good performance, especially shows an improved hydrogen sensitivity.

At least one of the aforementioned objects of the present invention is achieved with a first aspect of the present invention, being a procatalyst for polymerization of olefins, which comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor,

Each R⁸⁰ group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms;

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom.

Formula A is a so-called carbonate-carbamate compound.

In an embodiment of said first aspect, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl; C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group.

In a further embodiment of said first aspect, R⁸¹ and R⁸² are each a hydrogen atom and R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are independently selected from a group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl; C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group, preferably from C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl and more preferably from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl group.

In a further embodiment of said first aspect, when one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ and one of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ has at least one carbon atom, then the other one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ and of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is each a hydrogen atom.

In a further embodiment of said first aspect, R⁸⁷ is selected from a group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl and halophenyl group.

In a further embodiment of said first aspect, R⁸⁰ is a aliphatic hydrocarbyl group or an aromatic hydrocarbyl group. R⁸⁰ may be substituted on unsubstituted.

In case R⁸⁰ is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group, it may be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbyls having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

More preferably, R⁸⁰ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl or hexyl. Most preferably, R⁸⁰ is ethyl.

In case R⁸⁰ is an aromatic hydrocarbyl group, it may be phenyl or substituted phenyl or any other aromatic group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms.

Examples of preferred internal donors are:

In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a process for preparing the procatalyst according to the present invention, comprising contacting a magnesium-containing support with a halogen-containing titanium compound and an internal electron donor, wherein the internal electron donor is represented by Formula A,

Wherein each R⁸⁰ group is independently linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms;

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom.

Preferably, R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

In an embodiment of said second aspect, said method comprises the steps of:

-   i) contacting a compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) with an alkoxy- or     aryloxy-containing silane compound to give a first intermediate     reaction product, being a solid Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x), wherein: R⁴ is     the same as R¹ being a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group     independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl,     alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations     thereof; wherein said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or     unsubstituted, may contain one or more heteroatoms and preferably     has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; X⁴ and X¹ are each independently     selected from the group of consisting of fluoride (F—), chloride     (Cl—), bromide (Br—) or iodide (I—), preferably chloride; z is in a     range of larger than 0 and smaller than 2, being 0<z<2; -   ii) optionally contacting the solid Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x) obtained in     step ii) with at least one activating compound selected from the     group formed by activating electron donors and metal alkoxide     compounds of formula M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) or     M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w), to obtain a second intermediate product;     wherein: M¹ is a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr,     Hf, Al or Si; v is the valency of M¹; M² is a metal being Si; v is     the valency of M²; R² and R³ are each a linear, branched or cyclic     hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,     aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more     combinations thereof; wherein said hydrocarbyl group may be     substituted or unsubstituted, may contain one or more heteroatoms,     and preferably has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; v being either 3 or 4     and w is smaller than v; and -   iii) contacting the first or second intermediate reaction product,     obtained respectively in step i) or ii), with a halogen-containing     Ti-compound and said internal electron represented by Formula A.

In other words, a process which comprises the steps of: i) contacting a compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) wherein R⁴ is aromatic, aliphatic or cyclo-aliphatic group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms, X⁴ is a halide, and z is in a range of larger than 0 and smaller than 2, with an alkoxy- or aryloxy-containing silane compound to give a first intermediate reaction product; ii) contacting the solid Mg(OR¹)_(x)X_(2-x) with at least one activating compound selected from the group formed by electron donors and compounds of formula M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w), wherein M is Ti, Zr, Hf, Al or Si and M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w), wherein M² is Si, each R² and R³, independently, represent an alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group, v is the valency of M, v being either 3 or 4 and w is smaller than v; and iii) contacting the second intermediate reaction product with a halogen-containing Ti-compound, an internal electron donor represented by formula A, wherein: R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are the same or different and are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen straight, branched and cyclic alkyl and aromatic substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; each R⁸⁰ group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; N is a nitrogen atom; and O is an oxygen atom; preferably wherein the first intermediate reaction product is contacted with an alcohol and a titanium tetraalkoxide in step ii).

In a further embodiment of said second aspect, during step ii) as activating compounds an alcohol is used as activating electron donor and titanium tetraalkoxide is used as metal alkoxide compound.

In a further embodiment, an activator is used, preferably in step iii).

In a further embodiment, said activator is selected from the group consisting of benzamides, alkylbenzoates, and mono-esters.

In a further embodiment, said activator is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and isobutyl methacrylate, benzamide, methylbenzamide, dimethylbenzamide, methylbenzoate, ethylbenzoate, n-propylbenzoate, iso-propylbenzoate, n-butylbenzoate, 2-butylbenzoate, and t-butylbenzoate.

In a preferred embodiment, ethyl acetate is used as activator.

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl acetate as activator.

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl benzoate as activator.

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and the procatalyst is prepared using butyl Grignard, preferably n-BuMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and the procatalyst is prepared using phenyl Grignard, preferably PhMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl acetate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using butyl Grignard, preferably n-BuMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl acetate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using phenyl Grignard, preferably PhMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl benzoate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using butyl Grignard, preferably n-BuMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl benzoate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using phenyl Grignard, preferably PhMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl acetate as activator.

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl benzoate as activator.

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and the procatalyst is prepared using butyl Grignard, preferably n-BuMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and the procatalyst is prepared using phenyl Grignard, preferably PhMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl acetate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using butyl Grignard, preferably n-BuMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl acetate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using phenyl Grignard, preferably PhMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl benzoate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using butyl Grignard, preferably n-BuMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In a preferred embodiment, the procatalyst has been modified by using a group 13- or transition metal modifier and moreover comprises the compound represented by formula (A) as an internal electron donor and ethyl benzoate as activator that may be used in step iii) and the procatalyst is prepared using phenyl Grignard, preferably PhMgCl, as the Grignard compound in step i).

In another aspect a butyl Grignard (preferably BuMgCl) is used to prepare the procatalyst composition. Preferably, an activator is added during the preparation of the procatalyst, more preferably ethyl acetate.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a polymerization catalyst system comprising the procatalyst according to the present invention, a co-catalyst and optionally an external electron donor.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a process of making a polyolefin, preferably a polypropylene, by contacting at least one olefin with the catalyst system according to the present invention.

In an embodiment of this aspect, propylene is used as said olefin to obtain polypropylene.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to polyolefin, preferably a polypropylene obtainable by the process of making a polyolefin according to the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to shaped article, comprising the polyolefin, preferably the polypropylene according to the above aspect of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the compound represented by Formula A as an internal electron donor in a procatalyst for the polymerization of at least one olefin,

wherein: each R⁸⁰ group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group preferably having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms;

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a compound according to Formula A:

wherein each R⁸⁰ group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group preferably having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms;

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom.

These aspects and embodiments will be described in more detail below.

The following definitions are used in the present description and claims to define the stated subject matter. Other terms not cited below are meant to have the generally accepted meaning in the field.

For the all aspects of the present invention, the following is observed:

“Ziegler-Natta catalyst” as used in the present description means: a transition metal-containing solid catalyst compound comprises a transition metal halide selected from titanium halide, chromium halide, hafnium halide, zirconium halide, and vanadium halide, supported on a metal or metalloid compound (e.g. a magnesium compound or a silica compound).

“Ziegler-Natta catalytic species” or “catalytic species” as used in the present description means: a transition metal-containing species comprises a transition metal halide selected from titanium halide, chromium halide, hafnium halide, zirconium halide and vanadium halide,

“internal donor ” or “internal electron donor” or “ID” as used in the present description means: an electron-donating compound containing one or more atoms of oxygen (O) and/or nitrogen (N). This ID is used as a reactant in the preparation of a solid procatalyst. An internal donor is commonly described in prior art for the preparation of a solid-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst system for olefins polymerization; i.e. by contacting a magnesium-containing support with a halogen-containing Ti compound and an internal donor.

“external donor” or “external electron donor” or “ED” as used in the present description means: an electron-donating compound used as a reactant in the polymerisation of olefins. An ED is a compound added independent of the procatalyst. It is not added during procatalyst formation. It contains at least one functional group that is capable of donating at least one pair of electrons to a metal atom. The ED may influence catalyst properties, non-limiting examples thereof are affecting the stereoselectivity of the catalyst system in polymerization of olefins having 3 or more carbon atoms, hydrogen sensitivity, ethylene sensitivity, randomness of co-monomer incorporation and catalyst productivity.

“activator” as used in the present description means: an electron-donating compound containing one or more atoms of oxygen (O) and/or nitrogen (N) which is used to during the synthesis of the procatalyst prior to or simultaneous with the addition of an internal donor.

“activating compound” as used in the present description means: a compound used to activate the solid support prior to contacting it with the catalytic species.

“modifier” or “Group 13- or transition metal modifier” as used in the present description means: a metal modifier comprising a metal selected from the metals of Group 13 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of elements and transition metals. Where in the description the terms metal modifier or metal-based modifier is used, Group 13- or transition metal modifier is meant.

“procatalyst” and “catalyst component” as used in the present description have the same meaning: a component of a catalyst composition generally comprising a solid support, a transition metal-containing catalytic species and optionally one or more internal donor.

“halide” or “halide ion” or “halogen” or “halogen atom” as used in the present description means: an ion selected from the group of: fluoride (F—), chloride (Cl—), bromide (Br—) or iodide (I—).

“Heteroatom” as used in the present description means: an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. However, as used herein—unless specified otherwise, such as below, —when “one or more hetereoatoms” is used one or more of the following is meant: F, Cl, Br, I, N, O, P, B, S or Si. Thus a heteroatom also includes halides.

“heteroatom selected from group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements” as used in the present description means: a hetero atom selected from B, Al, Ga, In, Tl [Group 13], Si, Ge, Sn, Pb [Group 14], N, P, As, Sb, Bi [Group 15], O, S, Se, Te, Po [Group 16], F, Cl, Br, I, At [Group 17]. More preferably,” heteroatom selected from group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements” includes N, O, P, B, S, or Si.

“hydrocarbyl” as used in the present description means: is a substituent containing hydrogen and carbon atoms, or linear, branched or cyclic saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkadienyl and alkynyl; alicyclic radical, such as cycloalkyl, cycloalkadienyl cycloalkenyl; aromatic radical, such as monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic radical, as well as combinations thereof, such as alkaryl and aralkyl.

“substituted hydrocarbyl” as used in the present description means: is a hydrocarbyl group that is substituted with one or more non-hydrocarbyl substituent groups. A non-limiting example of a non-hydrocarbyl substituent is a heteroatom. Examples are alkoxycarbonyl (viz. carboxylate) groups. When in the present description “hydrocarbyl” is used it can also be “substituted hydrocarbyl”, unless stated otherwise.

“alkyl” as used in the present description means: an alkyl group being a functional group or side-chain consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms having only single bonds. An alkyl group may be straight or branched and may be un-substituted or substituted.

“aryl” as used in the present description means: an aryl group being a functional group or side-chain derived from an aromatic ring. An aryl group and may be un-substituted or substituted with straight or branched hydrocarbyl groups. An aryl group also encloses alkaryl groups wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring have been replaced by alkyl groups.

“aralkyl” as used in the present description means: an arylalkyl group being an alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by aryl groups “alkoxide” or “alkoxy” as used in the present description means: a functional group or side-chain obtained from a alkyl alcohol. It consist of an alkyl bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom.

“aryloxide” or “aryloxy” or “phenoxide” as used in the present description means: a functional group or side-chain obtained from an aryl alcohol. It consist of an aryl bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom.

“Grignard reagent” or “Grignard compound” as used in the present description means: a compound or a mixture of compounds of formula R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) (R⁴, z, and X⁴ are as defined below) or it may be a complex having more Mg clusters, e.g. R₄Mg₃Cl₂.

“polymer” as used in the present description means: a chemical compound comprising repeating structural units, wherein the structural units are monomers.

“olefin” as used in the present description means: an alkene.

“olefin-based polymer” or “polyolefin” as used in the present description means: a polymer of one or more alkenes.

“propylene-based polymer” as used in the present description means: a polymer of propylene and optionally a comonomer.

“polypropylene” as used in the present description means: a polymer of propylene.

“copolymer” as used in the present description means: a polymer prepared from two or more different monomers.

“monomer” as used in the present description means: a chemical compound that can undergo polymerization.

“thermoplastic” as used in the present description means: capable of softening or fusing when heated and of hardening again when cooled.

“Polymer composition” as used in the present description means: a mixture of either two or more polymers or of one or more polymers and one or more additives.

“MWD” or “Molecular weight distribution” as used in the present description means: the same as “PDI” or “polydispersity index”. It is the ratio of the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) to the number average molecular weight (Mn), viz. Mw/Mn, and is used as a measure of the broadness of molecular weight distribution of a polymer. Mw and Mn are determined by GPC using either: i) a Waters 150° C. gel permeation chromatograph combined with a Viscotek 100 differential viscosimeter; the chromatograms were run at 140° C. using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent; the refractive index detector was used to collect the signal for molecular weights; or ii) Polymer Laboratories PL-GPC220 combined with a Polymer Laboratories PL BV-400 viscomsimeter, and a refractive index detector, and a Polymer Char IR5 infrared detected; the chromatograms were run at 150° C. using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent; the refractive index detector was used to collect the signal for molecular weights. The values for both methods are the same since they both use calibration against standards.

“XS” or “xylene soluble fraction” or “CXS” or “cold soluble xylene fraction” as used in the present description means: the weight percentage (wt. %) of soluble xylene in the isolated polymer, measured according to ASTM D 5492-10.

“polymerization conditions” as used in the present description means: temperature and pressure parameters within a polymerization reactor suitable for promoting polymerization between the procatalyst and an olefin to form the desired polymer. These conditions depend on the type of polymerization used.

“production rate” or “yield” as used in the present description means: the amount of kilograms of polymer produced per gram of procatalyst consumed in the polymerization reactor per hour, unless stated otherwise.

“APP wt. %” or “weight percentage of atactic polypropylene” as used in the present description means: the fraction of polypropylene obtained in a slurry polymerization that is retained in the solvent. APP can be determined by taking 100 ml of the filtrate (“y” in millilitres) obtained during separation from polypropylene powder after slurry polymerization (“x” in grammes). The solvent is dried over a steam bath and then under vacuum at 60° C. That yields APP (“z” in grammes). The total amount of APP (“q” in grammes) is (y/100)*z. The weight percentage of APP is (q/q+x))*100%.

“MFR” or “Melt Flow rate” as used in the present description is measured at a temperature of 230° C. with 2.16 kg load and measured according to ISO 1133:2005.

Unless stated otherwise, when it is stated that any R group is “independently selected from” this means that when several of the same R groups are present in a molecule they may have the same meaning of they may not have the same meaning. For example, for the compound R₂M, wherein R is independently selected from ethyl or methyl, both R groups may be ethyl, both R groups may be methyl or one R group may be ethyl and the other R group may be methyl.

The present invention is described below in more detail. All embodiments described with respect to one aspect of the present invention are also applicable to the other aspects of the invention, unless otherwise stated.

It has been surprisingly found out that the procatalyst comprising the compound of formula A as an internal electron donor shows good control of stereochemistry and shows a good hydrogen sensitivity.

Polyolefins having medium molecular weight distribution are herein polyolefins that may have a Mw/Mn between 5.0 and 6.5, for example between 5.5 and 6.0.

The high isotacticity indicates low amount of amorphous atactic polymer in the products obtained, such as for example lower than 3 wt. %, lower than 2 wt. % or even lower than 1 wt. % of the total amount of polymer.

The xylene solubles content of the polyolefins obtained with the procatalyst according to the present invention is moderate to low, for instance lower than 12 wt % or lower than 10 wt %, lower than 8 wt % and or lower than 4 wt %.

The methods used in the present invention to determine the molecular weight distribution, the amount of atactic polymer, the xylene solubles content and melt flow range are described in the experimental part of the present invention.

A further advantage of the present invention is that a reasonably low amount of wax is formed, i.e. low molecular weight polymers during the polymerization reaction, which results in reduced or no “stickiness” on the inside walls of the polymerization reactor and inside the reactor. In addition, the procatalyst according to the present invention can be phthalate-free and thus allows obtaining non-toxic polyolefins showing no harmful effects on human health and which thus can be used for instance in food and medical industry.

Preferably, the procatalyst according to the invention comprises the compound having formula A as the only internal electron donor in a Ziegler-Natta catalyst composition.

Embodiments of the internal donor are disclosed below

In one embodiment, R⁸⁰ is an aliphatic group, selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyls. Said alkyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said alkyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-6 carbon atoms. It should be noted that the two R⁸⁰ groups may be the same but may also be different. R⁸⁰ can be the same or different than any of R⁸¹-R⁸⁷.

More preferably, R⁸⁰ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl or hexyl, more preferably ethyl.

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

More preferably, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl; C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group.

Even more preferably, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl and halophenyl group.

Most preferably, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are each hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, phenyl or trifluoromethyl.

Preferably, R⁸¹ and R⁸² is each a hydrogen atom.

More preferably, R⁸¹ and R⁸² is each a hydrogen atom and each of R₈₃, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyls; C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyls; C₆-C₁₀ aryls; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group.

Preferably, at least one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ and at least one of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is a hydrocarbyl group.

More preferably, when at least one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ and one of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is a hydrocarbyl group having at least one carbon atom then the other one of R₃ and R₄ and of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is each a hydrogen atom. R⁸⁴ and R⁸⁶ may be selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl and halophenyl group; and most preferably methyl.

Most preferably, when one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴and one of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is a hydrocarbyl group having at least one carbon atom (preferably methyl), then the other one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴and of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is each a hydrogen atom and R⁸¹ and R⁸² is each a hydrogen atom. For example. R⁸¹=R⁸²=R⁸³=R⁸⁵⁼H and R⁸⁴=R⁸⁶⁼methyl.

R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. R⁸⁷ may be the same or different than any of R⁸¹, R₈₂, R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ with the provision that R⁸⁷ is not a hydrogen atom.

More preferably, R⁸⁷ is selected from a group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl; C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group.

Even more preferably, R⁸⁷ is selected from a group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl and substituted benzyl and halophenyl group.

Most preferably, R⁸⁷ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, benzyl or phenyl; and even most preferably, R⁸⁷ is methyl, ethyl or propyl.

Without being limited thereto, particular examples of the compounds of Formula A are the structures as depicted below

The compound according to Formula A can be made by any method known in the art. In this respect, reference is made to J. Chem. Soc. Perkin trans. I 1994, 537-543 and to Org. Synth.1967, 47, 44. These documents disclose a step a) of contacting a substituted 2,4-diketone with a substituted amine in the presence of a solvent to give a beta-enaminoketone; followed by a step b) of contacting the beta-enaminoketone with a reducing agent in the presence of a solvent to give a gamma-aminoalcohol. The substituted 2,4-diketone and the substituted amine can be applied in step a) in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mole, preferably from 1.0 to 1.2 mole. The solvent in steps a) and b) may be added in an amount of 5 to 15 volume, based on the total amount of the diketone, preferably of 3 to 6 volume. The beta-enaminoketone to diketonemole ratio in step b) may be of from 0.5 to 6, preferably from 1 to 3.The reducing agent to beta-enaminoketone mole ratio in step b) may be of from 3 to 8, preferably from 4 to 6; the reducing agent may be selected from the group comprising metallic sodium, NaBH₄ in acetic acid, Ni—Al alloy. Preferably, the reducing agent is metallic sodium because it is a cheap reagent.

The gamma-aminoalcohol that can be used for making compound A can be synthesized as described in the literature and also mentioned herein or this compound can be directly purchased commercially and used as a starting compound in a reaction to obtain the compound represented by Formula A. Particularly, the gamma-aminoalcohol can be reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl chloroformate in the presence of a base to obtain the compound represented by Formula A (referred herein also as step c), regardless that gamma-aminoalcohol was synthesized as described in the literature or commercially purchased). The molar ratio between the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl chloroformate and the gamma-aminoalcohol may range from 2 to 4, preferably from 2 to 3. The base may be any basic chemical compound that is able to deprotonate the gamma-aminoalcohol. Said base can have a pK_(a) of at least 5; or at least 10 or preferably from 5 to 40, wherein pK_(a) is a constant already known to the skilled person as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant k_(a). Preferably, the base is pyridine; a trialkyl amine, e.g. triethylamine; or a metal hydroxide e.g. NaOH, KOH. Preferably, the base is pyridine. The molar ratio between the base and the gamma-aminoalcohol may range from 3 to 10, preferably from 4 to 6.

The solvent used in any of steps a), b) and c) can be selected from any organic solvents, such as toluene, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, cyclohexane or mixtures of any organic solvents. Preferably, toluene is used in each of steps a), b) and c). More preferably, a mixture of toluene and 2-propanol is used in step b). The solvent in step c) can be added in an amount of 3 to 15 volume, preferably from 5 to 10 volume based on the gamma-aminoalcohol.

The reaction mixture in any of steps a), b) and c) may be stirred by using any type of conventional agitators for more than about 1 hour, preferably for more than about 3 hours and most preferably for more than about 10 hours, but less than about 24 hours. The reaction temperature in any of steps a) and b) may be the room temperature, i.e. of from about 15 to about 30° C., preferably of from about 20 to about 25° C. The reaction temperature in step c) may range from 0 to 10° C., preferably from 5 to 10° C. The reaction mixture in any of steps a), b) and c) may be refluxed for more than about 10 hours, preferably for more than about 20 hours but less than about 40 hours or until the reaction is complete (reaction completion may be measured by Gas Chromatography, GC). The reaction mixture of steps a) and b) may be then allowed to cool to room temperature, i.e. at a temperature of from about 15 to about 30° C., preferably of from about 20 to about 25° C. The solvent and any excess of components may be removed in any of steps a), b) and c) by any method known in the art, such as evaporation, washing. The obtained product in any of steps b) and c) can be separated from the reaction mixture by any method known in the art, such as by extraction over metal salts, e.g. sodium sulphate.

The molar ratio of the internal donor of Formula A relative to the magnesium can be from 0.02 to 0.5. Preferably, this molar ratio is from 0.05 to 0.2.

The process for preparing the procatalyst according to the present invention comprises contacting a magnesium-containing support with a halogen-containing titanium compound and an internal donor, wherein the internal electron donor is the compound represented by the Formula A.

The present invention is related to Ziegler-Natta type catalyst. A Ziegler-Natta type procatalyst generally comprising a solid support, a transition metal-containing catalytic species and an internal donor. The present invention moreover relates to a catalyst system comprising a Ziegler-Natta type procatalyst, a co-catalyst and optionally an external electron donor.

The transition metal-containing solid catalyst compound comprises a transition metal halide (e.g. titanium halide, chromium halide, hafnium halide, zirconium halide, vanadium halide) supported on a metal or metalloid compound (e.g. a magnesium compound or a silica compound).

Specific examples of several types of Ziegler-Natta catalyst as disclosed below.

Preferably, the present invention is related to a so-called TiNo catalyst. It is a magnesium-based supported titanium halide catalyst optionally comprising an internal donor.

The magnesium-containing support and halogen-containing titanium compounds used in the process according to the present invention are known in the art as typical components of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst composition. Any of said Ziegler-Natta catalytic species known in the art can be used in the process according to the present invention. For instance, synthesis of such titanium-magnesium based catalyst compositions with different magnesium-containing support-precursors, such as magnesium halides, magnesium alkyls and magnesium aryls, and also magnesium alkoxy and magnesium aryloxy compounds for polyolefin production, particularly of polypropylenes production are described for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,648, WO96/32427A1, WO01/23441 A1, EP1283 222A1, EP1222 21461; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,077,357; 5,556,820; 4,414,132; 5,106,806 and 5,077,357 but the present process is not limited to the disclosure in these documents.

EP 1 273 595 of Borealis Technology discloses a process for producing an olefin polymerisation procatalyst in the form of particles having a predetermined size range, said process comprising: preparing a solution a complex of a Gp IIa metal and an electron donor by reacting a compound of said metal with said electron donor or a precursor thereof in an organic liquid reaction medium; reacting said complex, in solution, with at least one compound of a transition metal to produce an emulsion the dispersed phase of which contains more than 50 mol % of the Gp IIa metal in said complex; maintaining the particles of said dispersed phase within the average size range 10 to 200 mu m by agitation in the presence of an emulsion stabilizer and solidifying said particles; and recovering, washing and drying said particles to obtain said procatalyst.

EP 0 019 330 of Dow discloses a Ziegler-Natta type catalyst composition. Said olefin polymerization catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction product of an organo aluminum compound and an electron donor, and b) a solid component which has been obtained by halogenating a magnesium compound with the formula MgR¹R² wherein R¹ is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxide or aryloxide group and R² is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxide or aryloxide group or halogen, with a halide of tetravalent titanium in the presence of a halohydrocarbon, and contacting the halogenated product with a tetravalent titanium compound.

The procatalyst may be produced by any method known in the art using the present internal electron donor according for Formula A.

The procatalyst may also be produced as disclosed in WO96/32426A; this document discloses a process for the polymerization of propylene using a catalyst comprising a procatalyst obtained by a process wherein a compound with formula Mg(OAlk)_(x)Cl_(y) wherein x is larger than 0 and smaller than 2, y equals 2-x and each Alk, independently, represents an alkyl group, is contacted with a titanium tetraalkoxide and/or an alcohol in the presence of an inert dispersant to give an intermediate reaction product and wherein the intermediate reaction product is contacted with titanium tetrachloride in the presence of an internal donor, which is di-n-butyl phthalate.

Preferably, the Ziegler-Natta type procatalyst in the catalyst system according to the present invention is obtained by the process as described in WO 2007/134851 A1. In Example I the process is disclosed in more detail. Example I including all sub-examples (IA-IE) is incorporated into the present description. More details about the different embodiments are disclosed starting on page 3, line 29 to page 14 line 29. These embodiments are incorporated by reference into the present description.

In the following part of the description the different steps and phases of the process for preparing the procatalyst according to the present invention will be discussed.

The process for preparing a procatalyst according to the present invention comprises the following phases:

-   -   Phase A): preparing a solid support for the procatalyst;     -   Phase B): optionally activating said solid support obtained in         phase A) using one or more activating compounds to obtain an         activated solid support;     -   Phase C): contacting said solid support obtained in phase A) or         said activated solid support in phase B) with a catalytic         species wherein phase C) comprises one of the following:         -   contacting said solid support obtained in phase A) or said             activated solid support in phase B) with a catalytic species             and one or more internal donors to obtain said procatalyst;             or         -   contacting said solid support obtained in phase A) or said             activated solid support in phase B) with a catalytic species             and one or more internal donors to obtain an intermediate             product; or         -   contacting said solid support obtained in phase A) or said             activated solid support in phase B) with a catalytic species             and an activator to obtain an intermediate product;     -   optionally Phase D: modifying said intermediate product obtained         in phase C) wherein phase D) comprises on of the following:         -   modifying said intermediate product obtained in phase C)             with a Group 13- or transition metal modifier in case an             internal donor was used during phase C), in order to obtain             a procatalyst;         -   modifying said intermediate product obtained in phase C)             with a Group 13- or transition metal modifier and an             internal donor in case an activator was used during phase             C), in order to obtain a procatalyst.

The procatalyst thus prepared can be used in polymerization of olefins using an external donor and a co-catalyst.

It is thus noted that the process according to the present invention is different from the prior art process by the use of a different internal donor.

The various steps used to prepare the procatalyst according to the present invention (and the prior art) are described in more detail below.

Phase A: Preparing a Solid Support for the Catalyst.

In the process of the present invention preferably a magnesium-containing support is used. Said magnesium-containing support is known in the art as a typical component of a Ziegler-Natta procatalyst. This step of preparing a solid support for the catalyst is the same as in the prior art process. The following description explains the process of preparing magnesium-based support. Other supports may be used.

Synthesis of magnesium-containing supports, such as magnesium halides, magnesium alkyls and magnesium aryls, and also magnesium alkoxy and magnesium aryloxy compounds for polyolefin production, particularly of polypropylenes production are described for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,648, WO96/32427A1, WO01/23441 A1, EP1283 222A1, EP1222 21461; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,077,357; 5,556,820; 4,414,132; 5,106,806 and 5,077,357 but the present process is not limited to the disclosure in these documents.

Preferably, the process for preparing the solid support for the procatalyst according to the present invention comprises the following steps: step o) which is optional and step i). Step o) preparation of the Grignard reagent (optional) and Step i) reacting a Grignard compound with a silane compound.

Step o) Preparation of the Grignard Reagent (Optional).

A Grignard reagent, R⁴zMgX⁴ _(2-z) used in step i) may be prepared by contacting metallic magnesium with an organic halide R⁴X⁴, as described in WO 96/32427 A1 and WO01/23441 A1. All forms of metallic magnesium may be used, but preferably use is made of finely divided metallic magnesium, for example magnesium powder. To obtain a fast reaction it is preferable to heat the magnesium under nitrogen prior to use.

R⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or alkoxycarbonyl groups, wherein said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may be substituted or unsubstituted; said hydrocarbyl group preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or combinations thereof. The R⁴ group may contain one or more heteroatoms.

X⁴ is selected from the group of consisting of fluoride (F—), chloride (Cl—), bromide (Br—) or iodide (I—). The value for z is in a range of larger than 0 and smaller than 2:0<z<2

Combinations of two or more organic halides R⁴X⁴ can also be used.

The magnesium and the organic halide R⁴X⁴ can be reacted with each other without the use of a separate dispersant; the organic halide R⁴X⁴ is then used in excess.

The organic halide R⁴X⁴ and the magnesium can also be brought into contact with one another and an inert dispersant. Examples of these dispersants are: aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic dispersants containing from 4 up to 20 carbon atoms.

Preferably, in this step o) of preparing R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z), also an ether is added to the reaction mixture. Examples of ethers are: diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, diallyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and anisole. Dibutyl ether and/or diisoamyl ether are preferably used. Preferably, an excess of chlorobenzene is used as the organic halide R⁴X⁴. Thus, the chlorobenzene serves as dispersant as well as organic halide R⁴X⁴.

The organic halide/ether ratio acts upon the activity of the procatalyst. The chlorobenzene/dibutyl ether volume ratio may for example vary from 75:25 to 35:65, preferably from 70:30 to 50:50.

Small amounts of iodine and/or alkyl halides can be added to cause the reaction between the metallic magnesium and the organic halide R⁴X⁴ to proceed at a higher rate. Examples of alkyl halides are butyl chloride, butyl bromide and 1,2-dibromoethane. When the organic halide R⁴X⁴ is an alkyl halide, iodine and 1,2-dibromoethane are preferably used.

The reaction temperature for step o) of preparing R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) normally is from 20 to 150° C.; the reaction time is normally from 0.5 to 20 hours. After the reaction for preparing R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) is completed, the dissolved reaction product may be separated from the solid residual products. The reaction may be mixed. The stirring speed can be determined by a person skilled in the art and should be sufficient to agitate the reactants.

Step i) Reacting a Grignard Compound with a Silane Compound.

Step i): contacting a compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) wherein R₄, X⁴, and z are as discussed herein —with an alkoxy- or aryloxy-containing silane compound to give a first intermediate reaction product. Said first intermediate reaction product is a solid magnesium-containing support.

In step i) a first intermediate reaction product is thus prepared by contacting the following reactants: * a Grignard reagent—being a compound or a mixture of compounds of formula R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) and * an alkoxy- or aryloxy- containing silane compound. Examples of these reactants are disclosed for example in WO 96/32427 A1 and WO01/23441 A1.

The compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z)used as starting product is also referred to as a Grignard compound. In R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z), X⁴ is preferably chlorine or bromine, more preferably chlorine.

R⁴ can be an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxide, phenoxide, etc., or mixtures thereof. Suitable examples of group R⁴ are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, benzyl, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, indolyl. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R⁴ represents an aromatic group, for instance a phenyl group.

In the Grignard compound of formula R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) z is preferably from about 0.5 to 1.5.

The compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z)may be prepared in an optional step (step o) which is discussed above), preceding step i) or may be obtained from a different process.

It is explicitly noted that it is possible that the Grignard compound used in step i) may alternatively have a different structure, for example, may be a complex. Such complexes are already known to the skilled person in the art; a particular example of such complexes is Phenyl₄Mg₃Cl₂.

The alkoxy- or aryloxy-containing silane used in step i) is preferably a compound or a mixture of compounds with the general formula Si (OR⁵)_(4-n) R⁶ _(n), wherein:

It should be noted that the R⁵ group is the same as the R¹ group. The R¹ group originates from the R⁵ group during the synthesis of the first intermediate reaction product.

R⁵ is a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl or hexyl; most preferably, selected from ethyl and methyl.

R⁶ is a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, or cyclopentyl.

The value for n is in the range of 0 up to 3, preferably n is from 0 up to and including 1.

Examples of suitable silane-compounds include tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltributoxysilane, phenyltriethoxy-silane, diethyldiphenoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, diisopropyldi-methoxysilane, diisobutyldimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl-methyldimethoxysilane, dicyclopentyldimethoxy-silane, isobutylisopropyldimethoxyl-silane, phenyl-trimethoxysilane, diphenyl-dimethoxysilane, trifluoropropylmethyl-dimethoxysilane, bis(perhydroisoquinolino)-dimethoxysilane, dicyclohexyldimethoxy-silane, dinorbornyl-dimethoxysilane, di(n-propyl)dimethoxysilane, di(iso-propyl)-dimethoxysilane, di(n-butyl)dimethoxysilane and/or di(iso-butyl)dimethoxysilane.

Preferably, tetraethoxy-silane is used as silane-compound in preparing the solid Mg-containing compound during step i) in the process according to the present invention.

Preferably, in step i) the silane-compound and the Grignard compound are introduced simultaneously to a mixing device to result in particles of the first intermediate reaction product having advantageous morphology. This is for example described in WO 01/23441 A1. Here, ‘morphology’ does not only refer to the shape of the particles of the solid Mg-compound and the catalyst made therefrom, but also to the particle size distribution (also characterized as span), its fines content, powder flowability, and the bulk density of the catalyst particles. Moreover, it is well known that a polyolefin powder produced in polymerization process using a catalyst system based on such procatalyst has a similar morphology as the procatalyst (the so-called “replica effect”; see for instance S. van der Ven, Polypropylene and other Polyolefins, Elsevier 1990, p. 8-10). Accordingly, almost round polymer particles are obtained with a length/diameter ratio (I/D) smaller than 2 and with good powder flowability.

As discussed above, the reactants are preferably introduced simultaneously. With “introduced simultaneously” is meant that the introduction of the Grignard compound and the silane-compound is done in such way that the molar ratio Mg/Si does not substantially vary during the introduction of these compounds to the mixing device, as described in WO 01/23441 A1.

The silane-compound and Grignard compound can be continuously or batch-wise introduced to the mixing device. Preferably, both compounds are introduced continuously to a mixing device.

The mixing device can have various forms; it can be a mixing device in which the silane-compound is premixed with the Grignard compound, the mixing device can also be a stirred reactor, in which the reaction between the compounds takes place. The separate components may be dosed to the mixing device by means of peristaltic pumps.

Preferably, the compounds are premixed before the mixture is introduced to the reactor for step i). In this way, a procatalyst is formed with a morphology that leads to polymer particles with the best morphology (high bulk density, narrow particle size distribution, (virtually) no fines, excellent flowability).

The Si/Mg molar ratio during step i) may range from 0.2 to 20. Preferably, the Si/Mg molar ratio is from 0.4 to 1.0.

The period of premixing of the reactants in above indicated reaction step may vary between wide limits, for instance 0.1 to 300 seconds. Preferably premixing is performed during 1 to 50 seconds.

The temperature during the premixing step of the reactants is not specifically critical, and may for instance range from 0 to 80° C.; preferably the temperature is from 10° C. to 50° C.

The reaction between said reactants may, for instance, take place at a temperature from −20° C. to 100° C.; for example at a temperature of from 0° C. to 80° C. The reaction time is for example from 1 to 5 hours.

The mixing speed during the reaction depends on the type of reactor used and the scale of the reactor used. The mixing speed can be determined by a person skilled in the art. As a non-limiting example, mixing may be carried out at a mixing speed of from 250 to 300 rpm. In an embodiment, when a blade stirrer is used the mixing speed is from 220 to 280 rpm and when a propeller stirrer is used the mixing speed is from 270 to 330 rpm. The stirrer speed may be increased during the reaction. For example, during the dosing, the speed of stirring may be increased every hour by 20-30 rpm.

Preferably PhMgCl or n-BuMgCl is the Grignard agent used in step i).

Preferably, as Grignard compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) used in step i) a phenyl grignard or a butyl Grignard is used. The selection for either the phenyl Grignard or the butyl Grignard depends on the requirements.

When Grignard compound is used, a compound according to the formula R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) is meant. When phenyl Grignard is used a compound according to the formula R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) wherein R⁴ is phenyl, e.g. PhMgCl, is meant. When butyl Grignard is used, a compound according to the formula R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z) wherein R⁴ is butyl, e.g. BuMgCl or n-BuMgCl, is meant.

An advantage of the use of phenyl Grignard are that it is more active that butyl Grignard. Preferably, when butyl Grignard is used, an activation step using an aliphatic alcohol, such as methanol is carried out in order to increase the activity. Such an activation step may not be required with the use of phenyl Grignard. A disadvantage of the use of phenyl Grignard is that benzene rest products may be present and that it is more expensive and hence commercially less interesting.

An advantage of the use of butyl Grignard is that it is benzene free and is commercially more interesting due to the lower price. A disadvantage of the use of butyl Grignard is that in order to have a high activity, an activation step is required.

The process to prepare the procatalyst according to the present invention can be carried out using any Grignard compound, but the two stated above are the two that are most preferred.

The first intermediate reaction product obtained from the reaction between the silane compound and the Grignard compound is usually purified by decanting or filtration followed by rinsing with an inert solvent, for instance a hydrocarbon solvent with for example 1-20 carbon atoms, like pentane, iso-pentane, hexane or heptane. The solid product can be stored and further used as a suspension in said inert solvent. Alternatively, the product may be dried, preferably partly dried, and preferably under mild conditions; e.g. at ambient temperature and pressure.

The first intermediate reaction product obtained by this step i) may comprise a compound of the formula Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x), wherein:

R¹ is a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Most preferably selected from ethyl and methyl.

X¹ is selected from the group of consisting of fluoride (F—), chloride (Cl—), bromide (Br—) or iodide (I—). Preferably, X¹ is chloride or bromine and more preferably, X¹ is chloride.

The value for x is in the range of larger than 0 and smaller than 2:0<z<2. The value for x is preferably from 0.5 to 1.5.

Phase B: Activating said Solid Support for the Catalyst.

This step of activating said solid support for the catalyst is an optional step that is not required, but is preferred, in the present invention. If this step of activation is carried out, preferably, the process for activating said solid support comprises the following step ii). This phase may comprise one or more stages.

Step ii) Activation of the Solid Magnesium Compound.

Step ii): contacting the solid Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x) with at least one activating compound selected from the group formed by activating electron donors and metal alkoxide compounds of formula M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) or M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w), wherein:

R² is a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl or hexyl; most preferably selected from ethyl and methyl.

R³ is a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; most preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, and cyclopentyl.

M¹ is a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Al or Si; v is the valency of M¹; M² is a metal being Si; v is the valency of M² and w is smaller than v. The electron donors and the compounds of formula M(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) and M(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w) may be also referred herein as activating compounds.

In this step either one or both types of activating compounds (viz. activating electron donor or metal alkoxides) may be used.

The advantage of the use of this activation step prior to contacting the solid support with the halogen-containing titanium compound (process phase C) is that a higher yield of polyolefins is obtained per gram of the procatalyst. Moreover, the ethylene sensitivity of the catalyst system in the copolymerisation of propylene and ethylene is also increased because of this activation step. This activation step is disclosed in detail in WO2007/134851 of the present applicant.

Examples of suitable activating electron donors that may be used in step ii) are known to the skilled person and described herein below, i.e. include carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic acid halides, alcohols, ethers, ketones, amines, amides, nitriles, aldehydes, alkoxides, sulphonamides, thioethers, thioesters and other organic compounds containing one or more hetero atoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and/or phosphorus.

Preferably, an alcohol is used as the activating electron donor in step ii). More preferably, the alcohol is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic alcohol having 1-12 carbon atoms. Even more preferably, the alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, butanol, isobutanol, hexanol, xylenol and benzyl alcohol. Most preferably, the alcohol is ethanol or methanol, preferably ethanol.

Suitable carboxylic acids as activating electron donor may be aliphatic or (partly) aromatic. Examples include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutanoic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, cyclohexanoic monocarboxylic acid, cis-1,2-cyclohexanoic dicarboxylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid, toluenecarboxylic acid, naphthalene carboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and/or trimellitic acid.

Anhydrides of the aforementioned carboxylic acids can be mentioned as examples of carboxylic acid anhydrides, such as for example acetic acid anhydride, butyric acid anhydride and methacrylic acid anhydride.

Suitable examples of esters of above-mentioned carboxylic acids are formates, for instance, butyl formate; acetates, for instance ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; acrylates, for instance ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and isobutyl methacrylate; benzoates, for instance methylbenzoate and ethylbenzoate; methyl-p-toluate; ethyl-naphthate and phthalates, for instance monomethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate and/or diphenyl phthalate.

Examples of suitable carboxylic acid halides as activating electron donors are the halides of the carboxylic acids mentioned above, for instance acetyl chloride, acetyl bromide, propionyl chloride, butanoyl chloride, butanoyl iodide, benzoyl bromide, p-toluyl chloride and/or phthaloyl dichloride.

Suitable alcohols are linear or branched aliphatic alcohols with 1-12 C-atoms, or aromatic alcohols. Examples include methanol, ethanol, butanol, isobutanol, hexanol, xylenol and benzyl alcohol. The alcohols may be used alone or in combination. Preferably, the alcohol is ethanol or hexanol.

Examples of suitable ethers are diethyl ethers, such as 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-isopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane and/or 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl) fluorene. Also, cyclic ethers like tetrahydrofuran (THF), or tri-ethers can be used.

Suitable examples of other organic compounds containing a heteroatom as activating electron donor include 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine, 2,6-dimethylpiperidine, pyridine, 2-methylpridine, 4-methylpyridine, imidazole, benzonitrile, aniline, diethylamine, dibutylamine, dimethylacetamide, thiophenol, 2-methyl thiophene, isopropyl mercaptan, diethylthioether, diphenylthioether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylether, diethylether, anisole, acetone, triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphite, diethylphosphate and/or diphenylphosphate.

Examples of suitable metal alkoxides for use in step ii) are metal alkoxides of formulas: M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) and M²(OR²)_(v-w) (R³)_(w) wherein M¹, M², R², R³, v, and w are as defined herein. R² and R³ can also be aromatic hydrocarbon groups, optionally substituted with e.g. alkyl groups and can contain for example from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. The R² and R³ preferably comprise 1-12 or 1-8 carbon atoms. In preferred embodiments R² and R³ are ethyl, propyl or butyl; more preferably all groups are ethyl groups.

Preferably, M¹ in said activating compound is Ti or Si. Si-containing compounds suitable as activating compounds are the same as listed above for step i).

The value of w is preferably 0, the activating compound being for example a titanium tetraalkoxide containing 4-32 carbon atoms in total from four alkoxy groups. The four alkoxide groups in the compound may be the same or may differ independently. Preferably, at least one of the alkoxy groups in the compound is an ethoxy group. More preferably the compound is a tetraalkoxide, such as titanium tetraethoxide.

In the preferred process to prepare the procatalyst, one activating compound can be used, but also a mixture of two or more compounds may be used.

A combination of a compound of M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) or M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w) with an electron donor is preferred as activating compound to obtain a catalyst system that for example shows high activity, and of which the ethylene sensitivity can be affected by selecting the internal donor; which is specifically advantageous in preparing copolymers of for example propylene and ethylene. Preferably, a Ti-based compound, for example titanium tetraethoxide, is used together with an alcohol, like ethanol or hexanol, or with an ester compound, like ethylacetate, ethylbenzoate or a phthalate ester, or with pyridine.

If two or more activating compounds are used in step ii) their order of addition is not critical, but may affect catalyst performance depending on the compounds used. A skilled person may optimize their order of addition based on some experiments. The compounds of step ii) can be added together or sequentially.

Preferably, an electron donor compound is first added to the compound with formula Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x) where after a compound of formula M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) or M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w) as defined herein is added. The activating compounds preferably are added slowly, for instance during a period of 0.1-6, preferably during 0.5-4 hours, most preferably during 1-2.5 hours, each.

The first intermediate reaction product that is obtained in step i) can be contacted—when more than one activating compound is used—in any sequence with the activating compounds. In one embodiment, an activating electron donor is first added to the first intermediate reaction product and then the compound M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) or M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w) is added; in this order no agglomeration of solid particles is observed. The compounds in step ii) are preferably added slowly, for instance during a period of 0.1-6, preferably during 0.5-4 hours, most preferably during 1-2.5 hours, each.

The molar ratio of the activating compound to Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x) may range between wide limits and is, for instance, from 0.02 to 1.0. Preferably the molar ratio is from 0.05 to 0.5, more preferably from 0.06 to 0.4, or even from 0.07 to 0.2.

The temperature in step ii) can be in the range from −20° C. to 70° C., preferably from −10° C. to 50° C., more preferably in the range from −5° C. to 40° C., and most preferably in the range from 0° C. to 30° C.

Preferably, at least one of the reaction components is dosed in time, for instance during 0.1 to 6, preferably during 0.5 to 4 hours, more particularly during 1-2.5 hours.

The reaction time after the activating compounds have been added is preferably from 0 to 3 hours.

The mixing speed during the reaction depends on the type of reactor used and the scale of the reactor used. The mixing speed can be determined by a person skilled in the art and should be sufficient to agitate the reactants.

The inert dispersant used in step ii) is preferably a hydrocarbon solvent. The dispersant may be for example an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon with 1-20 carbon atoms. Preferably, the dispersant is an aliphatic hydrocarbon, more preferably pentane, iso-pentane, hexane or heptane, heptane being most preferred.

Starting from a solid Mg-containing product of controlled morphology obtained in step i), said morphology is not negatively affected during treatment with the activating compound during step ii). The solid second intermediate reaction product obtained in step ii) is considered to be an adduct of the Mg-containing compound and the at least one activating compound as defined in step ii), and is still of controlled morphology.

The obtained second intermediate reaction product after step ii) may be a solid and may be further washed, preferably with the solvent also used as inert dispersant; and then stored and further used as a suspension in said inert solvent. Alternatively, the product may be dried, preferably partly dried, preferably slowly and under mild conditions; e.g. at ambient temperature and pressure.

Phase C: Contacting said Solid Support with the Catalytic Species and One or More Internal Donors or an Activator.

Phase C: contacting the solid support with a catalytic species. This step can take different forms, such as i) contacting said solid support with the catalytic species and one or more internal donors to obtain said procatalyst; ii) contacting said solid support with a catalytic species and one or more internal donors to obtain an intermediate product; iii) contacting said solid support with a catalytic species and an activator to obtain an intermediate product.

Phase C may comprise several stages. During each of these consecutive stages the solid support is contacted with said catalytic species. In other words, the addition or reaction of said catalytic species may be repeated one or more times.

For example, during stage I of phase C said solid support (first intermediate) or the activated solid support (second intermediate) is first contacted with said catalytic species and optionally subsequently with an internal donor. When a second stage is present, during stage II the intermediate product obtained from stage I will be contacted with additional catalytic species which may the same or different than the catalytic species added during the first stage and optionally an internal donor. In case three stages are present, stage III is preferably a repetition of stage II or may comprise the contacting of the product obtained from stage II with both a catalytic species (which may be the same or different as above) and an internal donor. In other words, an internal donor may be added during each of these stages or during two or more of these stages. When an internal donor is added during more than one stage it may be the same or a different internal donor. An internal donor according to Formula A is added during at least one of the stages of Phase C.

An activator according to the present invention—if used—may be added either during stage I or stage II or stage III. An activator may also be added during more than one stage.

Preferably, the process of contacting said solid support with the catalytic species and an internal donor comprises the following step iii).

Step iii) Reacting The Solid Support With A Transition Metal Halide

Step iii) reacting the solid support with a transition metal halide (e.g. titanium, chromium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium) but preferably titanium halide. In the discussion below only the process for a titanium-base Ziegler-Natta procatalyst is disclosed, however, the application is also applicable to other types of Ziegler-Natta procatalysts.

Step iii): contacting the first or second intermediate reaction product, obtained respectively in step i) or ii), with a halogen-containing Ti-compound and optionally an internal electron donor or activator to obtain a third intermediate product.

Step iii) can be carried out after step i) on the first intermediate product or after step ii) on the second intermediate product.

The molar ratio in step iii) of the transition metal to the magnesium preferably is from 10 to 100, most preferably, from 10 to 50.

Preferably, an internal electron donor is also present during step iii). Also mixtures of internal electron donors can be used. Examples of internal electron donors are disclosed below.

The molar ratio of the internal electron donor relative to the magnesium may vary between wide limits, for instance from 0.01 to 0.75. Preferably, this molar ratio is from 0.02 to 0.4; more preferably from 0.03 to 0.2; and most preferably from 0.04 to 0.08.

During contacting the second intermediate product and the halogen-containing titanium compound, an inert dispersant is preferably used. The dispersant preferably is chosen such that virtually all side products formed are dissolved in the dispersant. Suitable dispersants include for example aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic solvents with for instance 4-20 carbon atoms. Examples include toluene, xylene, benzene, heptane, o-chlorotoluene and chlorobenzene.

The reaction temperature during step iii) is preferably from 0° C. to 150° C., more preferably from 50° C. to 150° C., and more preferably from 100° C. to 140° C. Most preferably, the reaction temperature is from 110° C. to 125° C.

The reaction time during step iii) is preferably from 10 minutes to 10 hours. In case several stages are present, each stage can have a reaction time from 10 minutes to 10 hours. The reaction time can be determined by a person skilled in the art based on the reactor and the procatalyst.

The mixing speed during the reaction depends on the type of reactor used and the scale of the reactor used. The mixing speed can be determined by a person skilled in the art and should be sufficient to agitate the reactants.

The obtained reaction product may be washed, usually with an inert aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated aromatic compound, to obtain the procatalyst of the invention. If desired the reaction and subsequent purification steps may be repeated one or more times. A final washing is preferably performed with an aliphatic hydrocarbon to result in a suspended or at least partly dried procatalyst, as described above for the other steps.

Optionally an activator is present during step iii) of Phase C instead of an internal donor, this is explained in more detail below in the section of activators.

The molar ratio of the activator relative to the magnesium may vary between wide limits, for instance from 0.02 to 0.5. Preferably, this molar ratio is from 0.05 to 0.4; more preferably from 0.1 to 0.3; and most preferably from 0.1 to 0.2.

Phase D: Modifying said Intermediate Product with a Metal-Based Modifier.

This phase D is optional in the present invention. In a preferred process for modifying the supported catalyst, this phase consists of the following steps: Step iv) modifying the third intermediate product with a metal-modifier to yield a modified intermediate product; Step v) contacting said modified intermediate product with a titanium halide and optionally on or more internal donors to obtain the present procatalyst.

The order of addition, viz. the order of first step iv) and subsequently step v) is considered to be very important to the formation of the correct clusters of Group 13- or transition metal and titanium forming the modified and more active catalytic centre.

Each of these steps is disclosed in more detail below.

It should be noted that the steps iii), iv) and v) (viz. phases C and D) are preferably carried out in the same reactor, viz. in the same reaction mixture, directly following each other.

Preferably step iv) is carried out directly after step iii) in the same reactor. Preferably, step v) is carried out directly after step iv) in the same reactor.

Step iv): Group 13- or Transition Metal Modification

The modification with Group 13- or transition metal, preferably aluminium, ensures the presence of Group 13- or transition metal in the procatalyst, in addition to magnesium (from the solid support) and titanium (from the titanation treatment).

Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the present inventors believe that one possible explanation is that the presence of Group 13- or transition metal increases the reactivity of the active site and hence increases the yield of polymer.

Step iv) comprises modifying the third intermediate product obtained in step iii) with a modifier having the formula MX₃, wherein M is a metal selected from the Group 13 metals and transition metals of the IUPAC periodic table of elements, and wherein X is a halide to yield a modified intermediate product.

Step iv) is preferably carried out directly after step iii), more preferably in the same reactor and preferably in the same reaction mixture. In an embodiment, a mixture of aluminum trichloride and a solvent, e.g. chlorobenzene, is added to the reactor after step iii) has been carried out. After the reaction has completed a solid is allowed to settle which can either be obtained by decanting or filtration and optionally purified or a suspension of which in the solvent can be used for the following step, viz. step v).

The metal modifier is preferably selected from the group of aluminium modifiers (e.g. aluminium halides), boron modifiers (e.g. boron halides), gallium modifiers (e.g. gallium halides), zinc modifiers (e.g. zinc halides), copper modifiers (e.g. copper halides), thallium modifiers (e.g. thallium halides), indium modifiers (e.g. indium halides), vanadium modifiers (e.g. vanadium halides), chromium modifiers (e.g. chromium halides), iron modifiers (e.g. iron halides).

Examples of suitable modifiers are aluminum trichloride, aluminum tribromide, aluminum triiodide, aluminum trifluoride, boron trichloride, boron tribromide boron triiodide, boron trifluoride, gallium trichloride, gallium tribromide, gallium triiodide, gallium trifluoride, zinc dichloride, zinc dibromide, zinc diiodide, zinc difluoride, copper dichloride, copper dibromide, copper diiodide, copper difluoride, copper chloride, copper bromide, copper iodide, copper fluoride, thallium trichloride, thallium tribromide, thallium triiodide, thallium trifluoride, thallium chloride, thallium bromide, thallium iodide, thallium fluoride, Indium trichloride, indium tribromide, indium triiodide, indium trifluoride, vanadium trichloride, vanadium tribromide, vanadium triiodide, vanadium trifluoride, chromium trichloride, chromium dichloride, chromium tribromide, chromium dibromide, iron dichloride, iron trichloride, iron tribromide, iron dichloride, iron triiodide, iron diiodide, iron trifluoride, iron difluoride.

The amount of metal halide added during step iv) may vary according to the desired amount of metal present in the procatalyst. It may for example range from 0.01 to 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the support, preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 wt. % was carried out directly after step iii) in the same reactor.

The metal halide is preferably mixed with a solvent prior to the addition to the reaction mixture. The solvent for this step may be selected from for example aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic solvents with for instance 4-20 carbon atoms. Examples include toluene, xylene, benzene, decane, o-chlorotoluene and chlorobenzene. The solvent may also be a mixture or two or more thereof.

The duration of the modification step may vary from 1 minute to 120 minutes, preferably from 40 to 80 minutes, more preferably from 50 to 70 minutes. This time is dependent on the concentration of the modifier, the temperature, the type of solvent used etc.

The modification step is preferably carried out at elevated temperatures (e.g. from 50 to 120° C., preferably from 90 to 110° C.).

The modification step may be carried out while stirring. The mixing speed during the reaction depends on the type of reactor used and the scale of the reactor used. The mixing speed can be determined by a person skilled in the art. As a non-limiting example, mixing may be carried at a stirring speed from 100 to 400 rpm, preferably from 150 to 300 rpm, more preferably about 200 rpm).

The wt/vol ratio for the metal halide and the solvent in step iv) is from 0.01 gram-0.1 gram: 5.0-100 ml.

The modified intermediate product is present in a solvent. It can be kept in that solvent after which the following step v) is directly carried out. However, it can also be isolated and/or purified. The solid can be allowed to settle by stopping the stirring. The supernatant can then be removed by decanting. Otherwise, filtration of the suspension is also possible. The solid product may be washed once or several times with the same solvent used during the reaction or another solvent selected from the same group described above. The solid may be resuspended or may be dried or partially dried for storage.

Subsequent to this step, step v) is carried out to produce the procatalyst according to the present invention.

Step v): Additional Treatment Of Intermediate Product.

This step is very similar to step iii). It contains the additional treatment of the modified intermediate product.

Step v) contacting said modified intermediate product obtained in step iv) with a halogen-containing titanium compound to obtain the procatalyst according to the present invention. When an activator is used during step iii) an internal donor is used during this step.

Step v) is preferably carried out directly after step iv), more preferably in the same reactor and preferably in the same reaction mixture.

In an embodiment, at the end of step iv) or at the beginning of step v) the supernatant was removed from the solid modified intermediate product obtained in step iv) by filtration or by decanting. To the remaining solid, a mixture of titanium halide (e.g. tetrachloride) and a solvent (e.g. chlorobenzene) can be added. The reaction mixture is subsequently kept at an elevated temperature (e.g. from 100 to 130° C., such as 115° C.) for a certain period of time (e.g. from 10 to 120 minutes, such as from 20 to 60 minutes, e.g. 30 minutes). After this, a solid substance was allowed to settle by stopping the stirring.

The molar ratio of the transition metal to the magnesium preferably is from 10 to 100, most preferably, from 10 to 50.

Optionally, additional internal electron donor may also present during this step. Also mixtures of internal electron donors can be used. The molar ratio of the internal electron donor relative to the magnesium may vary between wide limits, for instance from 0.02 to 0.75. Preferably, this molar ratio is from 0.05 to 0.4; more preferably from 0.1 to 0.4; and most preferably from 0.1 to 0.3.

The solvent for this step may be selected from for example aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic solvents with for instance 4-20 carbon atoms. The solvent may also be a mixture or two or more thereof.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention this step v) is repeated, in other words, the supernatant is removed as described above and a mixture of titanium halide (e.g. tetrachloride) and a solvent (e.g. chlorobenzene) is added. The reaction is continued at elevated temperatures during a certain time which can be same or different from the first time step v) is carried out.

The step may be carried out while stirring. The mixing speed during the reaction depends on the type of reactor used and the scale of the reactor used. The mixing speed can be determined by a person skilled in the art. This can be the same as discussed above for step iii).

Thus, step v) can be considered to consist of at least two sub steps in this embodiment, being:

-   v-a) contacting said modified intermediate product obtained in     step iv) with titanium tetrachloride—optionally using an internal     donor—to obtain a partially titanated procatalyst; -   v-b) contacting said partially titanated procatalyst obtained in     step v-a) with titanium tetrachloride to obtain the procatalyst.

Additional sub steps can be present to increase the number of titanation steps to four or higher.

The solid substance (procatalyst) obtained was washed several times with a solvent (e.g. heptane), preferably at elevated temperature, e.g. from 40 to 100° C. depending on the boiling point of the solvent used, preferably from 50 to 70° C. After this, the procatalyst, suspended in solvent, was obtained. The solvent can be removed by filtration or decantation. The procatalyst can be used as such wetted by the solvent or suspended in solvent or it can be first dried, preferably partly dried, for storage. Drying can e.g. be carried out by low pressure nitrogen flow for several hours.

Thus in this embodiment, the total titanation treatment comprises three phases of addition of titanium halide. Wherein the first phase of addition is separated from the second and third phases of addition by the modification with metal halide.

It could be said that the difference between the prior art and the present invention is that the titanation step (viz. the step of contacting with a titanium halide) according to the present invention is split into two parts and a Group 13- or transition metal modification step is introduced between the two parts or stages of the titanation. Preferably the first part of the titanation comprises one single titanation step and the second part of the titanation comprises two subsequent titanation steps. When this modification is carried out before the titanation step the increase in activity was higher as observed by the inventors. When this modification is carried out after the titanation step the increase in activity was less as observed by the present inventors.

In short, an embodiment of the present invention comprises the following steps: i) preparation of first intermediate reaction product; ii) activation of solid support to yield second intermediate reaction product; iii) first titanation or Stage I to yield third intermediate reaction product; iv) modification to yield modified intermediate product; v) second titanation or Stage II/III to yield the procatalyst.

The procatalyst may have a titanium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium or vanadium (preferably titanium) content of from about 0.1 wt % to about 6.0 wt %, based on the total solids weight, or from about 1.0 wt % to about 4.5 wt %, or from about 1.5 wt % to about 3.5 wt %.

The weight ratio of titanium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium or vanadium (preferably titanium) to magnesium in the solid procatalyst may be from about 1:3 to about 1:160, or from about 1:4 to about 1:50, or from about 1:6 to 1:30. Weight percentage is based on the total weight of the procatalyst.

This process according to the present invention results in a procatalyst having a high hydrogen sensitivity which allow obtaining polyolefins, preferably polypropylene having a medium molecular weight distribution.

The transition metal-containing solid catalyst compound according to the present invention comprises a transition metal halide (e.g. titanium halide, chromium halide, hafnium halide, zirconium halide, vanadium halide) supported on a metal or metalloid compound (e.g. a magnesium compound or a silica compound).

Preferably, a magnesium-based or magnesium-containing support is used in the present invention. Such a support is prepared from magnesium-containing support-precursors, such as magnesium halides, magnesium alkyls and magnesium aryls, and also magnesium alkoxy and magnesium aryloxy compounds.

The support may be activated using activation compounds as described in more detail above under Phase B.

The intermediate product may further be activated during Phase C as discussed above for the process. This activation increases the yield of the resulting procatalyst in olefin polymerisation.

Several activators can be used, such as benzamide, alkylbenzoates, and monoesters. Each of these will be discussed below.

A benzamide activator has a structure according to formula X:

R⁷⁰ and R⁷¹ are each independently selected from hydrogen or an alkyl. Preferably, said alkyl has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. More preferably, R⁷⁰ and R⁷¹ are each independently selected from hydrogen or methyl.

R⁷², R⁷³, R⁷⁴, R⁷⁵, R⁷⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen, a heteroatom (preferably a halide), or a hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Suitable non-limiting examples of “benzamides” include benzamide (R⁷⁰ and R⁷¹ are both hydrogen and each of R⁷², R⁷³, R⁷⁴, R⁷⁵, R⁷⁶ are hydrogen) also denoted as BA-2H or methylbenzamide (R⁷⁰ is hydrogen; R⁷¹ is methyl and each of R⁷², R⁷³, R⁷⁴, R⁷⁵, R⁷⁶ are hydrogen) also denoted as BA-HMe or dimethylbenzamide (R⁷⁰ and R⁷¹ are methyl and each of R⁷², R⁷³, R⁷⁴, R⁷⁵, R⁷⁶ are hydrogen) also denoted as BA-2Me. Other examples include monoethylbenzamide, diethylbenzamide, methylethylbenzamide, 2-(trifluor-methyl)benzamide, N,N-dimethyl-2-(trifluormethyl)benzamide, 3-(trifluormethyl)-benzamide, N,N-dimethyl-3-(trifluormethyl)benzamide, 2,4-dihydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-benzamide, N-(1 H-benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)benzamide, 1-(4-ethylbenzoyl)piperazine, 1-benzoylpiperidine.

Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory the present inventors believe that the fact that the most effective activation is obtained when the benzamide activator is added during stage I has the following reason. It is believed that the benzamide activator will bind the catalytic species and is later on substituted by the internal donor when the internal donor is added.

Alkylbenzoates may be used as activators. The activator may hence be selected from the group alkylbenzoates having an alkylgroup having from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable alkyl benzoates are methylbenzoate, ethylbenzoate according to Formula II, n-propylbenzoate, iso-propylbenzoate, n-butylbenzoate, 2-butylbenzoate, t-butylbenzoate.

More preferably, the activator is ethylbenzoate.

Mono-esters may be used as activators. The monoester according to the present invention can be any ester of a monocarboxylic acid known in the art. The structures according to Formula V are also mono-esters but are not explained in this section, see the section on Formula V. The monoester can have the formula XXIII: R⁹⁴—CO—OR⁹⁵   Formula XXIII

R⁹⁴ and R⁹⁵ are each independently selected from a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. When R⁹⁴ is an aryl, this structure is similar to Formula V. Examples of aromatic mono-esters are discussed with reference to formula V.

Preferably said mono-ester is an aliphatic monoester. Suitable examples of mono-esters include formates, for instance, butyl formate; acetates, for instance ethyl acetate, amyl acetate and butyl acetate; acrylates, for instance ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and isobutyl methacrylate. More preferably, the aliphatic monoester is an acetate. Most preferably, the aliphatic monoester is ethyl acetate.

In an embodiment, the monoester used in step iii) is an ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Wherein R⁹⁴ is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group.

The molar ratio between the monoester in step iii) and Mg may range from 0.05 to 0.5, preferably from 0.1 to 0.4, and most preferably from 0.15 to 0.25.

In an embodiment, no monoester is used.

The monoester is not used as a stereospecificity agent, like usual internal donors are known to be in the prior art. The monoester is used as an activator.

Without to be bound by any theory, the inventors believe that the monoester used in the process according to the present invention participates at the formation of the magnesium halogen (e.g. MgCl₂) crystallites during the interaction of Mg-containing support with titanium halogen (e.g. TiCl₄). The monoester may form intermediate complexes with Ti and Mg halogen compounds (for instance, TiCl4, TiCl3(OR), MgCl2, MgCl(OEt), etc.), help to the removal of titanium products from solid particles to mother liquor and affect the activity of final catalyst. Therefore, the monoester according to the present invention can also be referred to as an activator.

The catalyst system according to the present invention includes a co-catalyst. As used herein, a “co-catalyst” is a term well-known in the art in the field of Ziegler-Natta catalysts and is recognized to be a substance capable of converting the procatalyst to an active polymerization catalyst. Generally, the co-catalyst is an organometallic compound containing a metal from group 1, 2, 12 or 13 of the Periodic System of the Elements (Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 70th Edition, CRC Press, 1989-1990).

The co-catalyst may include any compounds known in the art to be used as “co-catalysts”, such as hydrides, alkyls, or aryls of aluminum, lithium, zinc, tin, cadmium, beryllium, magnesium, and combinations thereof. The co-catalyst may be a hydrocarbyl aluminum co-catalyst represented by the formula R²⁰ ₃Al.

R²⁰ is independently selected from a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. On the proviso that at least one R²⁰ is a hydrocarbyl group. Optionally, two or three R²⁰ groups are joined in a cyclic radical forming a heterocyclic structure.

Non-limiting examples of suitable R²⁰ groups are: methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, heptyl, octyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 5,5-dimethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, isodecyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, phenethyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, methylnapthyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

Suitable examples of the hydrocarbyl aluminum compounds as co-catalyst include triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, di-isobutylaluminum hydride, dihexylaluminum hydride, isobutylaluminum dihydride, hexylaluminum dihydride, diisobutylhexylaluminum, isobutyl dihexylaluminum, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, triisopropylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, tridecylaluminum, tridodecylaluminum, tribenzylaluminum, triphenylaluminum, trinaphthylaluminum, and tritolylaluminum. In an embodiment, the cocatalyst is selected from triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, di-isobutylaluminum hydride and dihexylaluminum hydride. More preferably, trimethylaluminium, triethylaluminium, triisobutylaluminium, and/or trioctylaluminium. Most preferably, triethylaluminium (abbreviated as TEAL).

Preferably, the co-catalyst is triethylaluminum. The molar ratio of aluminum to titanium may be from about 5:1 to about 500:1 or from about 10:1 to about 200:1 or from about 15:1 to about 150:1 or from about 20:1 to about 100:1. The molar ratio of aluminum to titanium is preferably about 45:1.

One of the functions of an external donor compound is to affect the stereoselectivity of the catalyst system in polymerization of olefins having three or more carbon atoms. Therefore it may be also referred to as a selectivity control agent.

Examples of external donors suitable for use in the present invention are benzoic acid esters, 1,3-diethers, alkylamino-alkoxysilanes, alkyl-alkoxysilane, imidosilanes, and alkylimidosilanes.

The aluminium/external donor molar ratio in the polymerization catalyst system preferably is from 0.1 to 200; more preferably from 1 to 100.

Mixtures of external donors may be present and may include from about 0.1 mol % to about 99.9% mol % of a first external donor and from about 99.9 mol % to about 0.1 mol % of either a second or the additional alkoxysilane external donor disclosed below.

When a silane external donor is used, the Si/Ti molar ratio in the catalyst system can range from 0.1 to 40, preferably from 0.1 to 20, even more preferably from 1 to 20 and most preferably from 2 to 10.

A benzoic acid ester can be used as internal donor. It is a monocarboxylic acid ester as shown in Formula V.

R³⁰ is selected from a hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable examples of hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl-, cycloalkyl-, alkenyl-, alkadienyl-, cycloalkenyl-, cycloalkadienyl-, aryl-, aralkyl, alkylaryl, and alkynyl- groups.

R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵ are each independently selected from hydrogen, a heteroatom (preferably a halide), or a hydrocarbyl group, selected from e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Suitable non-limiting examples of “benzoic acid esters” include an alkyl p-alkoxybenzoate (such as ethyl p-methoxybenzoate, methyl p-ethoxybenzoate, ethyl p-ethoxybenzoate), an alkyl benzoate (such as ethyl benzoate, methyl benzoate), an alkyl p-halobenzoate (ethyl p-chlorobenzoate, ethyl p-bromobenzoate), and benzoic anhydride. The benzoic acid ester is preferably selected from ethyl benzoate, benzoyl chloride, ethyl p-bromobenzoate, n-propyl benzoate and benzoic anhydride. The benzoic acid ester is more preferably ethyl benzoate.

In a embodiment the external donor used is ethyl benzoate. In another embodiment, the external donor used is ethyl p-ethoxybenzoate.

As used herein a “di-ether” may be a 1,3-di(hydrocarboxy)propane compound, optionally substituted on the 2-position represented by the Formula VII,

R⁵¹ and R⁵² are each independently selected from a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable examples of hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl-, cycloalkyl-, alkenyl-, alkadienyl-, cycloalkenyl-, cycloalkadienyl-, aryl-, aralkyl, alkylaryl, and alkynyl-groups.

R⁵³ and R⁵⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, a halide or a hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Suitable examples of dialkyl diether compounds include 1,3-dimethoxypropane, 1,3-diethoxypropane, 1,3-dibutoxypropane, 1-methoxy-3-ethoxypropane, 1-methoxy-3-butoxypropane, 1-methoxy-3-cyclohexoxypropane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-di-n-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-diiso-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-ethyl-2-n-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-n-propyl-2-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diethoxypropane, 2-n-propyl-2-cyclohexyl-1,3-diethoxypropane, 2-(2-ethylhexyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-n-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-sec-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-phenyl-1,3-diethoxypropane, 2-cumyl-1,3-diethoxypropane, 2-(2-phenyllethyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(diphenylmethyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(1-naphthyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(1-decahydronaphthyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-(p-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-dicyclohexyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-di-npropyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-n-propyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-benzyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-bis(2-cyclohexylethyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-iso butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-methyl-2-(2-ethylhexyl)-1,3-dimethoxy propane, 2-methyl-2-isopropyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-dibenzyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-bis(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-diiso butyl-1,3-diethoxypropane, 2,2-diisobuty 1-1,3-di -n-butoxypropane, 2-iso butyl-2-isopropyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-di-sec-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-di-t-butyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-dineopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-isopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-phenyl-2-benzyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexylmethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-(3, 7-dimethyloctyl) 1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-diisopropyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-cyclohexylmethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-diisopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2,2-dicylopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 2-n-heptyl-2-n-pentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane, 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl)fluorene, 1,3-dicyclohexyl-2,2-bis(methoxymethyl)propane, 3,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-2,5-dimethylhexane, or any combination of the foregoing. In an embodiment, the internal electron donor is 1,3-dicyclohexyl-2,2-bis(methoxymethyl)propane, 3,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,2-dicyclopentyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane and combinations thereof.

Examples of preferred ethers are diethyl ethers, such as 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1, 3-dimethoxypropane, 2-isopropyl-2-isopentyl- 1,3-dimethoxypropane and 9,9-bis (methoxymethyl) fluorene:

Documents EP1538167 and EP1783145 disclose a Ziegler-Natta catalyst type comprising an organo-silicon compound as external donor that is represented by formula Si(OR^(c))₃(NR^(d)R^(e)), wherein R^(c) is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R^(d) is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or hydrogen atom, and R^(e) is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms used as an external electron donor.

An other example of a suitable external donor according to the present invention is a compound according to Formula III: (R⁹⁰)₂N-A-Si(OR⁹¹)₃

The R⁹⁰ and R⁹¹ groups are each independently an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Said alkyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably each R⁹⁰ is ethyl. Preferably each R⁹¹ is ethyl. A is either a direct bond between nitrogen and silicon or a spacer selected from an alkyl having 1-10 carbon atoms, preferably a direct bond.

An example of such an external donor is diethyl-amino-triethoxysilane (DEATES) wherein A is a direct bond, each R⁹⁰ is ethyl and each R⁹¹ is ethyl.

Alkyl-alkoxysilanes according to Formula IV may be used: (R⁹²)Si(OR⁹³)₃   Formula IV

The R⁹² and R⁹³ groups are each independently an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Said alkyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably, all three R⁹³ groups are the same. Preferably R⁹³ is methyl or ethyl. Preferably R⁹² is ethyl or propyl, more preferably n-propyl.

Typical external donors known in the art (for instance as disclosed in documents WO2006/056338A1, EP1 838741B1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,670B1, EP398698A1, WO96/32426A) are organosilicon compounds having general formula Si(OR^(a))_(4-n)R^(b) _(n), wherein n can be from 0 up to 2, and each R^(a) and R^(b), independently, represents an alkyl or aryl group, optionally containing one or more hetero atoms for instance O, N, S or P, with, for instance, 1-20 carbon atoms; such as n-propyl trimethoxysilane (nPTMS), n-propyl triethoxysilane (nPEMS), diisobutyl dimethoxysilane (DiBDMS), tert-butyl isopropyl dimethyxysilane (tBiPDMS), cyclohexyl methyldimethoxysilane (CHMDMS), dicyclopentyl dimethoxysilane (DCPDMS) or di(iso-propyl) dimethoxysilane (DiPDMS).

Imidosilanes according to Formula I may be used as external donors. Si(L)_(n)(OR¹¹)_(4-n),   Formula I wherein,

-   Si is a silicon atom with valency 4+; -   O is an oxygen atom with valency 2- and O is bonded to Si via a     silicon-oxygen bond; -   n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of linear, branched and     cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon atoms and aromatic substituted     and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; two R¹¹     groups can be connected and together may form a cyclic structure;     and -   L is a group represented by Formula I″

wherein,

-   L is bonded to the silicon atom via a nitrogen-silicon bond; -   L has a single substituent on the nitrogen atom, where this single     substituent is an imine carbon atom; and     X and Y are each independently selected from the group consisting     of: -   a) a hydrogen atom; -   b) a group comprising a heteroatom selected from group 13, 14, 15,     16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements, through which     X and Y are each independently bonded to the imine carbon atom of     Formula II, wherein the heteroatom is substituted with a group     consisting of a linear, branched and cyclic alkyl having at most 20     carbon atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom selected from group     13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements;     and/or with an aromatic substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl     having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom     selected from group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table     of the Elements; -   c) a linear, branched and cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon     atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom selected from group 13,     14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements; and -   d) an aromatic substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl having 6 to     20 carbon atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom selected from     group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC.

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of linear, branched and cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon atoms.

Preferably, R¹¹ is a selected from the group consisting of linear, branched and cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms or 3 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Suitable examples of R¹¹ include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl and cyclohexyl. More preferably, R¹¹ is a linear alkyl having 1 to 10, even more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Most preferably, R¹¹ is methyl or ethyl.

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of a linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

Suitable examples of R¹² include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

Specific examples are the following compounds: 1,1,1-triethoxy-N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentan-3-ylidene) silanamine (all R¹¹ groups are =ethyl and X and Y are both tert-butyl); 1,1,1-trimethoxy-N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentan-3-ylidene) silanamine (all R¹¹ groups are methyl, and X and Y are tert butyl), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylguanidine triethoxysilane (all R11 groups are ethyl, both X and Y are dimethylamino).

Alkylimidosilanes according to Formula I′ may be used as external donors. Si(L)_(n)(OR¹¹)_(4-n-m)(R¹²)_(m)   Formula I′ wherein,

-   Si is a silicon atom with valency 4+; -   O is an oxygen atom with valency 2- and O is bonded to Si via a     silicon-oxygen bond; -   n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   m is 0, 1 or 2 -   n+m≤4 -   R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of linear, branched and     cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon atoms and aromatic substituted     and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; and -   R¹² is selected from the group consisting of linear, branched and     cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon atoms and aromatic substituted     and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; -   L is a croup represented by Formula I″

wherein,

-   L is bonded to the silicon atom via a nitrogen-silicon bond; -   L has a single substituent on the nitrogen atom, where this single     substituent is an imine carbon atom; and     X and Y are each independently selected from the group consisting     of: -   a) a hydrogen atom; -   b) a group comprising a heteroatom selected from group 13, 14, 15,     16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements, through which     X and Y are each independently bonded to the imine carbon atom of     Formula II, wherein the heteroatom is substituted with a group     consisting of a linear, branched and cyclic alkyl having at most 20     carbon atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom selected from group     13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements;     and/or with an aromatic substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl     having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom     selected from group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table     of the Elements; -   c) a linear, branched and cyclic alkyl having at most 20 carbon     atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom selected from group 13,     14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements; and -   d) an aromatic substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl having 6 to     20 carbon atoms, optionally containing a heteroatom selected from     group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the     Elements.

R¹¹ and R¹² are as discussed above.

In a first specific example, the external donor may have a structure corresponding to Formula I′ wherein n=1, m=2, X=Y=phenyl, both R¹² groups are methyl, and R¹¹ is butyl.

In a second specific example, the external donor may have a structure corresponding to Formula I′ wherein n=4, m=0, X=methyl, and Y=ethyl.

In a third specific example, the external donor may have a structure corresponding to Formula I′ wherein n=1, m=1, X=phenyl, Y=—CH₂—Si(CH₃)₃, and R¹²=R¹¹=methyl.

In a fourth specific example, the external donor may have a structure corresponding to Formula I′ wherein n=1, m=1, X=—NH—C═NH(NH₂)—, Y=—NH—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, and R¹²=—(CH₂)₃—NH2; R¹¹=ethyl.

The additional compound(s) in the external donor according to the invention may be one or more alkoxysilanes. The alkoxysilane compound can have any of the structures disclosed herein. The alkoxysilane is described by Formula IX SiR⁷ _(r)(OR⁸)_(4-r)   (Formula IX)

R⁷ is independently a hydrocarbyl, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, R⁷ may be C6-12 aryl, alkyl or aralkyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C3-12 branched alkyl, or C3-12 cyclic or acyclic amino group. The value for r is selected from 1 or 2.

For the formula SiNR⁷ _(r)(OR⁸)_(4-r)R⁷ may also be hydrogen.

R⁸ is independently selected from a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof. Said hydrocarbyl group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Said hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. Preferably, said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, even more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, R⁸ may be C1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl

Non-limiting examples of suitable silane-compounds include tetramethoxysilane (TMOS or tetramethyl orthosilicate), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS or tetraethyl orthosilicate), methyl trimethoxysilane, methyl triethoxysilane, methyl tripropoxysilane, methyl tributoxysilane, ethyl trimethoxysilane, ethyl triethoxysilane, ethyl tripropoxysilane, ethyl tributoxysilane, n-propyl trimethoxysilane, n-propyl triethoxysilane, n-propyl tripropoxysilane, n-propyl tributoxysilane, isopropyl trimethoxysilane, isopropyl triethoxysilane, isopropyl tripropoxysilane, isopropyl tributoxysilane, phenyl trimethoxysilane, phenyl triethoxysilane, phenyl tripropoxysilane, phenyl tributoxysilane, cyclopentyl trimethoxysilane, cyclopentyl triethoxysilane, diethylamino triethoxysilane, dimethyl dimethoxysilane, dimethyl diethoxysilane, dimethyl dipropoxysilane, dimethyl dibutoxysilane, diethyl dimethoxysilane, diethyl diethoxysilane, diethyl dipropoxysilane, diethyl dibutoxysilane, di-n-propyl dimethoxysilane, d-n-propyl diethoxysilane, di-n-propyl dipropoxysilane, di-n-propyl dibutoxysilane, diisopropyl dimethoxysilane, diisopropyl diethoxysilane, diisopropyl dipropoxysilane, diisopropyl dibutoxysilane, diphenyl dimethoxysilane, diphenyl diethoxysilane, diphenyl dipropoxysilane, diphenyl dibutoxysilane, dicyclopentyl dimethoxysilane, dicyclopentyl diethoxysilane, diethyl diphenoxysilane, di-tert-butyl dimethoxysilane, methyl cyclohexyl dimethoxysilane, ethyl cyclohexyl dimethoxysilane, isobutyl isopropyl dimethoxysilane, tert-butyl isopropyl dimethoxysilane, trifluoropropyl methyl dimethoxysilane, bis(perhydroisoquinolino) dimethoxysilane, dicyclohexyl dimethoxysilane, dinorbornyl dimethoxysilane, cyclopentyl pyrrolidino dimethoxysilane and bis(pyrrolidino) dimethoxysilane.

In an embodiment, the silane-compound for the additional external donor is dicyclopentyl dimethoxysilane, di-isopropyl dimethoxysilane, di-isobutyl dimethyoxysilane, methylcyclohexyl dimethoxysilane, n-propyl trimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, dimethylamino triethoxysilane, and one or more combinations thereof.

The invention also relates to a process to make the catalyst system by contacting a Ziegler-Natta type procatalyst, a co-catalyst and an external electron donor. The procatalyst, the cocatalyst and the external donor can be contacted in any way known to the skilled person in the art; and as also described herein, more specifically as in the Examples.

The invention further relates to a process for making a polyolefin by contacting an olefin with the catalyst system according to the present invention. The procatalyst, the cocatalyst, the external donor and the olefin can be contacted in any way known to the skilled person in the art; and as also described herein.

For instance, the external donor in the catalyst system according to the present invention can be complexed with the co-catalyst and mixed with the procatalyst (pre-mix) prior to contact between the procatalyst and the olefin. The external donor can also be added independently to the polymerization reactor. The procatalyst, the co-catalyst, and the external donor can be mixed or otherwise combined prior to addition to the polymerization reactor.

Contacting the olefin with the catalyst system according to the present invention can be done under standard polymerization conditions, known to the skilled person in the art. See for example Pasquini, N. (ed.) “Polypropylene handbook” 2^(nd) edition, Carl Hanser Verlag Munich, 2005. Chapter 6.2 and references cited therein.

The polymerization process may be a gas phase, a slurry or a bulk polymerization process, operating in one or more than one reactor. One or more olefin monomers can be introduced in a polymerization reactor to react with the procatalyst and to form an olefin-based polymer (or a fluidized bed of polymer particles).

In the case of polymerization in a slurry (liquid phase), a dispersing agent is present. Suitable dispersing agents include for example propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, hexane (e.g. iso- or n-), heptane (e.g. iso- or n-), octane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, liquid propylene and/or mixtures thereof. The polymerization such as for example the polymerization temperature and time, monomer pressure, avoidance of contamination of catalyst, choice of polymerization medium in slurry processes, the use of further ingredients (like hydrogen) to control polymer molar mass, and other conditions are well known to persons of skill in the art. The polymerization temperature may vary within wide limits and is, for example for propylene polymerization, from 0° C. to 120° C., preferably from 40° C. to 100° C. The pressure during (propylene) (co)polymerization is for instance from 0.1 to 6 MPa, preferably from 1 to 4 MPa.

Several types of polyolefins are prepared such as homopolyolefins, random copolymers and heterophasic polyolefin. The for latter, and especially heterophasic polypropylene, the following is observed.

Heterophasic propylene copolymers are generally prepared in one or more reactors, by polymerization of propylene and optionally one or more other olefins, for example ethylene, in the presence of a catalyst and subsequent polymerization of a propylene- α-olefin mixture. The resulting polymeric materials can show multiplpe phases (depending on monomer ratio), but the specific morphology usually depends on the preparation method and monomer ratio. The heterophasic propylene copolymers employed in the process according to present invention can be produced using any conventional technique known to the skilled person, for example multistage process polymerization, such as bulk polymerization, gas phase polymerization, slurry polymerization, solution polymerization or any combinations thereof. Any conventional catalyst systems, for example, Ziegler-Natta or metallocene may be used. Such techniques and catalysts are described, for example, in WO06/010414; Polypropylene and other Polyolefins, by Ser van der Ven, Studies in Polymer Science 7, Elsevier 1990; WO06/010414, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,054 and 4,472,524.

The molar mass of the polyolefin obtained during the polymerization can be controlled by adding hydrogen or any other agent known to be suitable for the purpose during the polymerization. The polymerization can be carried out in a continuous mode or batch-wise. Slurry-, bulk-, and gas-phase polymerization processes, multistage processes of each of these types of polymerization processes, or combinations of the different types of polymerization processes in a multistage process are contemplated herein. Preferably, the polymerization process is a single stage gas phase process or a multistage, for instance a two-stage gas phase process, e.g. wherein in each stage a gas-phase process is used or including a separate (small) prepolymerization reactor.

Examples of gas-phase polymerization processes include both stirred bed reactors and fluidized bed reactor systems; such processes are well known in the art. Typical gas phase olefin polymerization reactor systems typically comprise a reactor vessel to which an olefin monomer(s) and a catalyst system can be added and which contain an agitated bed of growing polymer particles. Preferably the polymerization process is a single stage gas phase process or a multistage, for instance a 2-stage, gas phase process wherein in each stage a gas-phase process is used.

As used herein, “gas phase polymerization” is the way of an ascending fluidizing medium, the fluidizing medium containing one or more monomers, in the presence of a catalyst through a fluidized bed of polymer particles maintained in a fluidized state by the fluidizing medium optionally assisted by mechanical agitation. Examples of gas phase polymerization are fluid bed, horizontal stirred bed and vertical stirred bed.

“fluid-bed,” “fluidized,” or “fluidizing” is a gas-solid contacting process in which a bed of finely divided polymer particles is elevated and agitated by a rising stream of gas optionally assisted by mechanical stirring. In a “stirred bed” upwards gas velocity is lower than the fluidization threshold.

A typical gas-phase polymerization reactor (or gas phase reactor) include a vessel (i.e., the reactor), the fluidized bed, a product discharge system and may include a mechanical stirrer, a distribution plate, inlet and outlet piping, a compressor, a cycle gas cooler or heat exchanger. The vessel may include a reaction zone and may include a velocity reduction zone, which is located above the reaction zone (viz. bed). The fluidizing medium may include propylene gas and at least one other gas such as an olefin and/or a carrier gas such as hydrogen or nitrogen. The contacting can occur by way of feeding the procatalyst into the polymerization reactor and introducing the olefin into the polymerization reactor. In an embodiment, the process includes contacting the olefin with a co-catalyst. The co-catalyst can be mixed with the procatalyst (pre-mix) prior to the introduction of the procatalyst into the polymerization reactor. The co-catalyst may be also added to the polymerization reactor independently of the procatalyst. The independent introduction of the co-catalyst into the polymerization reactor can occur (substantially) simultaneously with the procatalyst feed. An external donor may also be present during the polymerization process.

The olefin according to the invention may be selected from mono- and di-olefins containing from 2 to 40 carbon atoms. Suitable olefin monomers include alpha-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, alpha-olefins having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms (viz. C4-20), such as 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and the like; C4-C20 diolefins, such as 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, norbornadiene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), 1,4-hexadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) and dicyclopentadiene; vinyl aromatic compounds having from 8 to 40 carbon atoms (viz. C8-C40) including styrene, o-, m- and p-methylstyrene, divinylbenzene, vinylbiphenyl, vinylnapthalene; and halogen-substituted C8-C40 vinyl aromatic compounds such as chlorostyrene and fluorostyrene.

Preferably, the olefin is propylene or a mixture of propylene and ethylene, to result in a propylene-based polymer, such as propylene homopolymer or propylene-olefin copolymer. The olefin may an alpha-olefin having up to 10 carbon atoms, such as ethylene, butane, hexane, heptane, octene. A propylene copolymer is herein meant to include both so-called random copolymers which typically have relatively low comonomer content, e.g. up to 10 mol %, as well as so-called impact PP copolymers or heterophasic PP copolymers comprising higher comonomer contents, e.g. from 5 to 80 mol %, more typically from 10 to 60 mol %. The impact PP copolymers are actually blends of different propylene polymers; such copolymers can be made in one or two reactors and can be blends of a first component of low comonomer content and high crystallinity, and a second component of high comonomer content having low crystallinity or even rubbery properties. Such random and impact copolymers are well-known to the skilled in the art. A propylene-ethylene random copolymer may be produced in one reactor. Impact PP copolymers may be produced in two reactors: polypropylene homopolymer may be produced in a first reactor; the content of the first reactor is subsequently transferred to a second reactor into which ethylene (and optionally propylene) is introduced. This results in production of a propylene-ethylene copolymer (i.e. an impact copolymer) in the second reactor.

The present invention also relates to a polyolefin, preferably a polypropylene obtained or obtainable by a process, comprising contacting an olefin, preferably propylene or a mixture of propylene and ethylene with the procatalyst according to the present invention. The terms polypropylene and propylene-based polymer are used herein interchangeable. The polypropylene may be a propylene homopolymer or a mixture of propylene and ethylene, such as a propylene-based copolymer, e.g. heterophasic propylene-olefin copolymer; random propylene-olefin copolymer, preferably the olefin in the propylene-based copolymers being a C2, or C4-C6 olefin, such as ethylene, butylene, pentene or hexene. Such propylene-based (co)polymers are known to the skilled person in the art; they are also described herein above.

The present invention also relates to a polyolefin, preferably a propylene-based polymer obtained or obtainable by a process as described herein above, comprising contacting propylene or a mixture of propylene and ethylene with a catalyst system according to the present invention.

In one embodiment the present invention relates to the production of a homopolymer of polypropylene.

Several polymer properties are discussed here.

Xylene soluble fraction (XS) is preferably from about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %, or from about 1 wt % to about 8 wt %, or from 2 to 6 wt %, or from about 1 wt % to about 5 wt %. Preferably, the xylene amount (XS) is lower than 7 wt %, preferably lower than 6 wt %, more preferably lower than 5 wt % or even lower than 4 wt % and most preferably lower than 3 wt %.

The production rate is preferably from about 1 kg/g/hr to about 100 kg/g/hr, or from about 5 kg/g/hr to about 20 kg/g/hr.

MFR is preferably from about 0.01 g/10 min to about 2000 g/10 min, or from about 0.01 g/10 min to about 1000 g/10 min; or from about 0.1 g/10 min to about 500 g/10 min, or from about 0.5 g/10 min to about 150 g/10 min, or from about 1 g/10 min to about 100 g/10 min.

The olefin polymer obtained in the present invention is considered to be a thermoplastic polymer. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to the invention may also contain one or more of usual additives, like those mentioned above, including stabilisers, e.g. heat stabilisers, anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers; colorants, like pigments and dyes; clarifiers; surface tension modifiers; lubricants; flame-retardants; mould-release agents; flow improving agents; plasticizers; anti-static agents; impact modifiers; blowing agents; fillers and reinforcing agents; and/or components that enhance interfacial bonding between polymer and filler, such as a maleated polypropylene, in case the thermoplastic polymer is a polypropylene composition. The skilled person can readily select any suitable combination of additives and additive amounts without undue experimentation.

The amount of additives depends on their type and function; typically is of from 0 to about 30wt %; preferably of from 0 to about 20 wt %; more preferably of from 0 to about 10 wt % and most preferably of from 0 to about 5 wt % based on the total composition. The sum of all components added in a process to form the polyolefins, preferably the propylene-base polymers or compositions thereof should add up to 100 wt %.

The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention may be obtained by mixing one or more of the thermoplastic polymers with one or more additives by using any suitable means. Preferably, the thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention is made in a form that allows easy processing into a shaped article in a subsequent step, like in pellet or granular form. The composition can be a mixture of different particles or pellets; like a blend of a thermoplastic polymer and a master batch of nucleating agent composition, or a blend of pellets of a thermoplastic polymer comprising one of the two nucleating agents and a particulate comprising the other nucleating agent, possibly pellets of a thermoplastic polymer comprising said other nucleating agent. Preferably, the thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention is in pellet or granular form as obtained by mixing all components in an apparatus like an extruder; the advantage being a composition with homogeneous and well-defined concentrations of the nucleating agents (and other components).

The invention also relates to the use of the polyolefins, preferably the propylene-based polymers (also called polypropylenes) according to the invention in injection moulding, blow moulding, extrusion moulding, compression moulding, casting, thin-walled injection moulding, etc. for example in food contact applications.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a shaped article comprising the polyolefin, preferably the propylene-based polymer according to the present invention.

The polyolefin, preferably the propylene-based polymer according to the present invention may be transformed into shaped (semi)-finished articles using a variety of processing techniques. Examples of suitable processing techniques include injection moulding, injection compression moulding, thin wall injection moulding, extrusion, and extrusion compression moulding. Injection moulding is widely used to produce articles such as for example caps and closures, batteries, pails, containers, automotive exterior parts like bumpers, automotive interior parts like instrument panels, or automotive parts under the bonnet. Extrusion is for example widely used to produce articles, such as rods, sheets, films and pipes. Thin wall injection moulding may for example be used to make thin wall packaging applications both for food and non-food segments. This includes pails and containers and yellow fats/margarine tubs and dairy cups.

It is noted that the invention relates to all possible combinations of features recited in the claims. Features described in the description may further be combined.

Although the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, it is understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

It is further noted that the invention relates to all possible combinations of features described herein, preferred in particular are those combinations of features that are present in the claims.

It is further noted that the term ‘comprising’ does not exclude the presence of other elements. However, it is also to be understood that a description on a product comprising certain components also discloses a product consisting of these components. Similarly, it is also to be understood that a description on a process comprising certain steps also discloses a process consisting of these steps.

The invention will be further elucidated with the following examples without being limited hereto.

EXAMPLES Example A Preparation of ethyl (4-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)pentan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate

4-(methylamino) pentan-2-ol (10 gm) was added to a mixture of pyridine (20 gm) and methylenedichloride (200 ml). The mass was cooled to 10° C. and ethyl chloroformate (25 ml) was added drop wise. The mixture was stirred overnight at 25° C. On completion of reaction add ammonium chloride solution to the reaction mass. Separate organic layer, wash with water, dried on anhydrous sodium sulfate and distilled to give 18.7 (85%) ethyl (4-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)pentan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate (II). The product was characterized by: ¹H NMR(300 MHz CDCL3)δ=0.9 (d, 6H); 1.32-1.37 (m, 6H); 1.4 (m, 2H); 1.6 (m, 2H); 1.8 (m, 2H); 2.06 (m, 2H); 2.65 (m, 2H); 3.9 (m, 3H); 4.3 (m, 1H); 4.5 (m, 1H) (isomeric mixture). ¹³C NMR: δ=14.17, 14.45, 14.59, 17.97, 18.30, 18.58, 19.60, 20.18, 26.97, 27.20, 27.44, 27.66, 39.47, 39.63, 39.76, 39.89, 47.32, 47.5, 47.68, 61.02, 63.43, 71.59, 71.81, 72.60, 72.79 (isomeric mixture). m/z 262.4 (m+1).

Comparative Example B Preparation of 4-[benzoyl (methyl)amino]pentan-2-yl benzoate]

This compound is prepared as disclosed in the Examples WO2014001257.

Example 1

Step A) Grignard Formation Step

This step was carried out as described in Example XVI of EP 1 222 214 B1. A stainless steel reactor of 9 I volume was filled with 360 grams of magnesium powder. The reactor was brought under a nitrogen atmosphere. The magnesium was heated at 80° C. for 1 hour, after which a mixture of dibutyl ether (1 liter) and chlorobenzene (200 ml) was added. Then iodine (0.5 g) and n-chlorobutane (50 ml) were successively added to the reaction mixture. After the color of the iodine had disappeared, the temperature was raised to 94° C. Then a mixture of dibutyl ether (1.6 liter) and chlorobenzene (400 ml) was slowly added over a period of 1 hour. Then 4 liter of chlorobenzene was slowly added over a period of 2 hours. The temperature of reaction mixture was kept in interval 98-105° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for another 6 hours at a temperature between 97 and 102° C. Then the stirring and heating were stopped and the solid material was allowed to settle for 48 hours. By decanting the solution above the precipitate, a solution of phenylmagnesiumchloride reaction product A with a concentration of 1.3 mol Mg/l has been obtained. This solution was used in the further catalyst preparation.

Step B) Preparation of the First Intermediate Reaction Product

This step was carried out as described in Example XX of EP 1 222 214 B1, except that the dosing temperature of the reactor was 35° C., the dosing time was 360 min and the propeller stirrer was used. 250 ml of dibutyl ether was introduced to a 1 liter reactor. The reactor was fitted by propeller stirrer and two baffles. The reactor was thermostated at 35° C.

The solution of reaction product of step A (360 ml, 0.468 mol Mg) and 180 ml of a solution of tetraethoxysilane (TES) in dibutyl ether (DBE), (55 ml of TES and 125 ml of DBE), were cooled to 10° C., and then were dosed simultaneously to a mixing device of 0.45 ml volume supplied with a stirrer and jacket. Dosing time was 360 min. Thereafter the premixed reaction product A and the TES-solution were introduced to a reactor. The mixing device (mini-mixer) was cooled to 10° C. by means of cold water circulating in the mini-mixers jacket. The stirring speed in the mini-mixer was 1000 rpm. The stirring speed in reactor was 350 rpm at the beginning of dosing and was gradually increased up to 600 rpm at the end of dosing stage. On the dosing completion the reaction mixture was heated up to 60° C. and kept at this temperature for 1 hour. Then the stirring was stopped and the solid substance was allowed to settle. The supernatant was removed by decanting. The solid substance was washed three times using 500 ml of heptane. As a result, a pale yellow solid substance, reaction product B (the solid first intermediate reaction product; the support), was obtained, suspended in 200 ml of heptane. The average particle size of support was 22 μm and span value (d₉₀-d₁₀)/d₅₀=0.5.

Step C) Preparation of the Second Intermediate Reaction Product

Support activation was carried out as described in Example IV of WO/2007/134851 to obtain the second intermediate reaction product.

In inert nitrogen atmosphere at 20° C. a 250 ml glass flask equipped with a mechanical agitator is filled with slurry of 5 g of reaction product of step B dispersed in 60 ml of heptane. Subsequently a solution of 0.22 ml ethanol (EtOH/Mg=0.1) in 20 ml heptane is dosed under stirring during 1 hour. After keeping the reaction mixture at 20° C. for 30 minutes, a solution of 0.79 ml titanium tetraethoxide (TET/Mg=0.1) in 20 ml of heptane was added for 1 hour. The slurry was slowly allowed to warm up to 30° C. for 90 min and kept at that temperature for another 2 hours. Finally the supernatant liquid is decanted from the solid reaction product (the second intermediate reaction product; activated support) which was washed once with 90 ml of heptane at 30° C.

Step D) Preparation of the Procatalyst

A reactor was brought under nitrogen and 125 ml of titanium tetrachloride was added to it. The reactor was heated to 100° C. and a suspension, containing about 5.5 g of activated support (step C) in 15 ml of heptane, was added to it under stirring. Then the temperature of reaction mixture was increased to 110° C. for 10 min and 1.53 g the internal donor prepared in Example A (viz. ethyl (4-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)pentan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate or AEC) in a AEC/Mg molar ratio of 0.15 in 3 ml of chlorobenzene was added to reactor and the reaction mixture was kept at 115° C. for 105 min. Then the stirring was stopped and the solid substance was allowed to settle. The supernatant was removed by decanting, after which the solid product was washed with chlorobenzene (125 ml) at 100° C. for 20 min. Then the washing solution was removed by decanting, after which a mixture of titanium tetrachloride (62.5 ml) and chlorobenzene (62.5 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was kept at 115° C. for 30 min, after which the solid substance was allowed to settle. The supernatant was removed by decanting, and the last treatment was repeated once again. The solid substance obtained was washed five times using 150 ml of heptane at 60° C., after which the procatalyst, suspended in heptane, was obtained.

Step E) Polymerization of Propylene

Polymerization of propylene was carried out in a stainless steel reactor (with a volume of 0.7 l) in heptane (300 ml) at a temperature of 70° C., total pressure 0.7 MPa and hydrogen presence (55 ml) for 1 hour in the presence of a catalyst system comprising the procatalyst according to step D, triethylaluminium as co-catalyst and n-propyltrimethoxy-silane as external donor. The concentration of the procatalyst was 0.033 g/l; the concentration of triethylaluminium was 4.0 mmol/l; the concentration of n-propyl-trimethoxysilane was 0.2 mmol/l.

Data on the catalyst performance for the propylene polymerization is presented in Table 1.

Example 2

Example 2 was carried out in the same way as Example 1, but the preparation of the procatalyst in step D was performed as follows.

Step D) Preparation of the Procatalyst

A reactor was brought under nitrogen and 125 ml of titanium tetrachloride was added to it. The reactor was heated to 90° C. and a suspension, containing about 5.5 g of activated support in 15 ml of heptane, was added to it under stirring. The reaction mixture was kept at 90° C. for 10 min. Then add 0.866 g of ethyl acetate (EA/Mg=0.25 mol). The reaction mixture was kept for 60 min (stage I of procatalyst preparation). Then the stirring was stopped and the solid substance was allowed to settle. The supernatant was removed by decanting, after which the solid product was washed with chlorobenzene (125 ml) at 100° C. for 20 min. Then the washing solution was removed by decanting, after which a mixture of titanium tetrachloride (62.5 ml) and chlorobenzene (62.5 ml) was added. The temperature of reaction mixture was increased to 115° C. and 0.51 g of the internal donor obtained in Example A ethyl (4-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)pentan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate, (AEC/Mg=0.05 mol) in 2 ml of chlorobenzene was added to reactor.

Then the reaction mixture was kept at 115° C. for 30 min (stage II of procatalyst preparation). After which the stirring was stopped and the solid substance was allowed to settle. The supernatant was removed by decanting, after which a mixture of titanium tetrachloride (62.5 ml) and chlorobenzene (62.5 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was kept at 115° C. for 30 min (stage III of procatalyst preparation), after which the solid substance was allowed to settle. The supernatant was removed by decanting and the solid was washed five times using 150 ml of heptane at 60° C., after which the procatalyst, suspended in heptane, was obtained. Data on the catalyst performance at the propylene polymerization are presented in Table 1. Monoester (ME) refers to ethylacetate (EA).

Example 3

Example 3 was carried out in the same way as Example 2, but 0.886 g ethyl benzoate was used instead of ethyl acetate. Data on the catalyst performance at the propylene polymerization are presented in Table 1. Monoester (ME) refers to ethylbenzoate (EB).

Comparative Example 4

Comparative Example 4 was carried out in the same way as disclosed in Example 1 using as an internal donor the donor obtained in Comparative Example B. Data on the catalyst performance at the propylene polymerization are presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 ME/ ID Ti PP APP MFR Mw/ Ex ID ID/Mg ME Mg Wt. % Wt. % yield Wt. % XS % g/10 min Mn 1 Ex. A 0.15 — — 4.0 3.7 6.0 1.4 7.0 6.1 6.5 2 Ex. A 0.05 EA 0.25 5.4 3.8 10.0 1.0 3.2 6.8 6.0 3 Ex. A 0.05 EB 0.15 3.0 3.2 8.5 1.3 4.3 5.9 5.3 4 Comp. B 0.15 — — 17.9 2.4 4.4 0.9 2.5 0.6 7.7

Abbreviations and measuring methods:

-   -   ID/Mg is the molar ratio of the internal donor (ID) over         magnesium     -   ME/Mg is the molar ratio of the monoester (ID) over magnesium     -   ID wt. % is the amount of internal donor in wt. % based on the         total amount of the procatalyst composition     -   Ti wt. % is the amount of titanium in wt. % based on the total         amount of the procatalyst composition     -   PP yield, in kg/g cat is the amount of polypropylene obtained         per gram of procatalyst.     -   APP, wt % is the weight percentage of atactic polypropylene.         Atactic PP is the PP fraction soluble in heptane during         polymerization. APP was determined as follows: 100 ml of the         filtrate (y ml) obtained in separating the polypropylene powder         (×g) and the heptane was dried over a steam bath and then under         vacuum at 60° C. That yielded z g of atactic PP. The total         amount of Atactic PP (q g) is: (y/100)*z. The weight percentage         of Atactic PP is: (q/(q+x))*100%.     -   XS, wt % is xylene solubles, measured according to ASTM D         5492-10.     -   MFR is the melt flow rate as measured at 230° C. with 2.16 kg         load, measured according to ISO 1133:2005.     -   Mw/Mn: Polymer molecular weight and its distribution (MWD) were         determined by Waters 150° C. gel permeation chromatograph         combined with a Viscotek 100 differential viscosimeter. The         chromatograms were run at 140° C. using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene         as a solvent with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The refractive index         detector was used to collect the signal for molecular weights.     -   ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury-300         MHz NMR Spectrometer, using deuterated chloroform as a solvent.

It should be noted that the amount of internal donor is 3.0 wt. % (Ex. 3) for the internal donor according to the invention (Example A) whereas the amount of internal donor is much higher (17.9 wt. %) for the comparative example 4 using an internal donor not according to the invention (comparative example B). The reasoning for this is the following. The ratio of internal donor to support (Id/MG) is kept the same in the examples, viz. 0.15 for both example 1 and 4. The donor according to the present invention binds less strong to the support and possible partly degrades during the synthesis conditions leading to a lower amount in the final catalyst. However, the results of these experiments may be compared.

From the Examples above it is clear that the use of a aliphatic carbonate-carbamate according to Formula A (examples 1, 2, 3) compared to an aminobenzoate not according to the invention, but according to Formula I (comparative example 4) shows better results.

Hence one or more of the objections of the present invention are obtained by using an internal donor according to Formula A. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A procatalyst for polymerization of olefins, which comprises the compound represented by formula A as an internal electron donor,

wherein: R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; each R⁸⁰ group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom.
 2. The procatalyst according to claim 1, wherein R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl; C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group.
 3. The procatalyst according to claim 1, wherein R⁸¹ and R⁸² is each a hydrogen atom and R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are independently selected from a group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ straight and branched alkyl; C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and C₇-C₁₀ alkaryl and aralkyl group.
 4. The procatalyst according to claim 1, wherein when one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ and one of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ has at least one carbon atom, then the other one of R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ and of R⁸⁵ and R⁸⁶ is each a hydrogen atom.
 5. The procatalyst according to claim 1, wherein R⁸⁷ is selected from a group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl and halophenyl group.
 6. The procatalyst according to claim 1, wherein R⁸⁰ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
 7. The procatalyst according to claim 1, wherein the internal electron donor is selected from the group consisting of ethyl (4-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)pentan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate and phenyl(4-((phenoxycarb onyl)oxy)pentan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate.
 8. A process for preparing the procatalyst according to claim 1, comprising contacting a magnesium-containing support with a halogen-containing titanium compound and an internal electron donor, wherein the internal electron donor is represented by formula A,

wherein: R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, and R⁸⁶ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen hydrogen and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; R⁸⁷ is a hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; each R⁸⁰ group is independently a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; N is nitrogen atom; O is oxygen atom; and C is carbon atom.
 9. The process according to claim 8, which comprises the steps of: i) contacting a compound R⁴ _(z)MgX⁴ _(2-z), with an alkoxy- or aryloxy-containing silane compound to give a first intermediate reaction product, being a solid Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x), wherein: R⁴ is the same as R¹ being a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof; wherein said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted, and may contain one or more heteroatoms; X⁴ and X¹ are each independently selected from the group of consisting of fluoride (F—), chloride (Cl—), bromide (Br—) and iodide (I—); z is in a range of larger than 0 and smaller than 2, being 0<z<2; ii) optionally contacting the solid Mg(OR¹)_(x)X¹ _(2-x), obtained in step ii) with at least one activating compound selected from the group formed by activating electron donors and metal alkoxide compounds of formula M¹(OR²)_(v-w)(OR³)_(w) or M²(OR²)_(v-w)(R³)_(w), to obtain a second intermediate product; wherein: M¹; M² is a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Al or Si; v is the valency of M¹; M² is a metal being Si; v is the valency of M²; R² and R³ are each a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl group independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl and alkylaryl groups, and one or more combinations thereof, wherein said hydrocarbyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted, and may contain one or more heteroatoms; v being either 3 or 4 and w is smaller than v; and iii) contacting the first or second intermediate reaction product, obtained respectively in step i) or ii), with a halogen-containing Ti-compound and said internal electron represented by Formula A.
 10. The process according to claim 8, wherein an activator, selected from the group consisting of benzamides, alkylbenzoates, and mono-esters is used.
 11. A polymerization catalyst system comprising the procatalyst according to claim 1, a co-catalyst and optionally an external electron donor.
 12. A process of making a polyolefin by contacting an olefin with the catalyst system according to claim
 11. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the polyolefin comprises polypropylene.
 14. The process according to claim 9, wherein said hydrocarbyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
 15. The process according to claim 9, wherein X⁴ is chloride (Cl—).
 16. The process according to claim 9, wherein X¹ is chloride (Cl—).
 17. The process according to claim 10, wherein the activator is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and isobutyl methacrylate, benzamide, methylbenzamide, dimethylbenzamide, methylbenzoate, ethylbenzoate, n-propylbenzoate, iso-propylbenzoate, n-butylbenzoate, 2-butylbenzoate, and t-butylbenzoate. 